Spot
Xanthos is not considerably from Patara and a excursion to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could effortlessly be merged with a trip to the seashore and/or ruins there. It is found close to the village of Kınık on a hillside in a lovely normal website overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation one particular gets a supreme watch of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the breathtaking Taurus Mountains. It is uncomplicated to locate by car or truck, just off the principal highway and very well-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is very beautiful, particularly in spring.
whc.unesco.org/en/record/484
Outstanding Common Value
Quick synthesis
Manufactured up of two neighboring settlements found in the southwestern section of Anatolia, respectively in the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a outstanding archaeological intricate. It signifies the most special extant architectural instance of the historical Lycian Civilization, which was a single of the most important cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two sites strikingly illustrate the continuity and unique mixture of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most essential texts in Lycian language were discovered. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on substantial stone pillars on the internet site are very important for a improved being familiar with of the heritage of the Lycian men and women and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the funds of ancient Lycia, illustrates the mixing of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic affect, in particular in its funerary artwork. The rock-minimize tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are special examples of historic funerary architecture. Their value was previously recognized in Antiquity and they influenced the artwork of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for occasion right motivated by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The reality that some architectural and sculptural parts of the web pages ended up taken to England in the 19th century, like the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their term-broad recognition, and as a result the Xanthos marbles turned an important component of the heritage of historic artwork and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the very first monumental zone involves the old Lycian Acropolis, which was remodeled through the Hellenistic and Byzantine intervals. At that time, a church was developed at the northeast corner, although an highly developed defensive structure fortified the western facet of the citadel together the river. Directly north of the Acropolis stands a incredibly attractive theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This spot also functions wonderful Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are characteristic of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and increase up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a next, far more elaborate archaeological zone that extends amongst the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The decreased portion of the town, which includes the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was situated in this component of the website.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult center of Xanthos, the historic federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Metropolitan areas. As several inscriptions observed at the site display, the federal sanctuary was the put wherever all religious and political choices of the ruling powers were declared to the general public. The well-known trilingual inscription, dating again to 337 B.C., functions a textual content inLycian and Greek as perfectly as an Aramaic summary and was learned close to the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, a few temples are devoted to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the website involves the ruins of a nymphaeum dating back to Hadrian, crafted on a drinking water resource that was deemed sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon straight affected the architecture of the principal historical cities of Lycia these types of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as well as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was rated as just one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient Environment, is instantly affected by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears outstanding testimony to the Lycian civilization, each by means of the a lot of inscriptions found at the two internet sites and by the outstanding funerary monuments preserved within the residence. The longest and most essential texts in the Lycian language were located in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which were carved in rock or on huge monoliths, are considered extraordinary proof of this one of a kind and long-forgotten Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi characterize a novel sort of funerary architecture. The rich series of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon allow us to totally fully grasp the successive acculturation phenomena that took place in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed residence consists of all the necessary characteristics, generally first monuments and archaeological continues to be, which convey its Fantastic Universal Worth. All parts remain largely intact and are not impacted by the detrimental results of tourism or modern-day settlements.
Currently, the only aspect threatening the integrity of the assets is the paved road that has crossed the antique town for several a long time. Inside of the framework of the revised Conservation Legislation put into drive in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage resolved to near this highway in 2010. In addition, wire fence was used to encompass the space. Having said that, as these steps could not be implemented proficiently, further more action is essential to assure that the integrity of the property is no for a longer time impacted. These incorporate the rerouting of the street in accordance to suggestions created in the Conservation Strategy.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its attributes, largely due to the property’s length from any modern-day settlement.
The monuments revealed all through archaeological excavations have gone via critical restoration and conservations works, which have not impacted their authenticity in terms of structure and format. The most crucial project was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its primary setting between 2000 and 2007. The architectural items that belonged to the temple of Leto, which were being observed during excavations carried out given that 1950s, enabled the prosperous completion of this challenge. Some crucial restoration, conservation and consolidation is effective were also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Defense and administration specifications
The Antique City of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st diploma archaeological web-site and is topic to National Conservation Laws. The inscribed residence is also inside the boundaries of “Environment Safety Zone”, beneath the responsibility of the Ministry of Setting and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Unique Environmental Protection Company accepted the conservation strategy for Xantos in 2001 and the connected Regional Conservation Council authorised the Conservation Strategy for Letoon in 2006. Each preparing equipment have been executed and call for systematic monitoring and review to assure their effectiveness for the administration of the residence.
The monuments and archaeological remains in the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal growing of the floor water table. Mitigation initiatives ended up produced in 2006 with the construction of water channels to reduce the amount of water all through excavation operates. A further situation for Letoon is the visual pollution designed by many greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the web page. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved road chopping by way of the web site needs supplemental measures to be absolutely addressed.
The Ministry of Tradition and Tourism has begun performs for the planning of a Landscaping Task for Xanthos and Letoon that will address the issues of the residence, like environmental management and the preservation of the monuments. Inside the framework of this challenge, the web site of Letoon will be equipped with recreation and promenade areas. This undertaking will also tackle issues of customer management, create consciousness-raising procedures, and purpose to actively contain each the nearby communities and the visitors.
www.britannica.com/position/Xanthus
Record
The historical past of Xanthos is rather a violent – the Xanthosians two times demonstrated the fierce independence of the Lycian people when they chose to commit mass suicide instead than post to invading forces. The Xanthosian adult men established hearth to their gals, young children, slaves and treasure upon the acropolis prior to producing their last doomed attack upon the invading Persians. Xanthos was later repopulated but the similar ugly story recurring itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the city throughout the Roman civil wars in purchase to recruit troops and raise income. Brutus was shocked by the Lycians’ suicide and supplied his soldiers a reward for each and every Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens have been rescued.
We built our properties graves
And our graves are houses to us
Our homes burned down
And our graves had been looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We had been drenched in drinking water
They arrived and obtained us
They burned and ruined us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our moms,
Our women of all ages,
And for the sake of our dead,
And we,
In the title of our honor,
And our flexibility,
We, the persons of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We still left a fire guiding us,
Never to die out…
Poem identified on a tablet in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat
www.britishmuseum.org/exploration/assortment_on the web/lookup.a…
Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:26:23
Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Lycian , ”Lyciancities” , Lycia , letoon , unescotentativelist , UNC , ”Worldheritagelist” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri” , Byzantine , Roman , ”ByzantineEmpires” , Turkey , kınık , kalkan , patara , ”NGC” , historic , Historic , History , ”pillartombs” , tombs , heritage , ”Britishmuseum” , ”turunçova” , anatolian , greek
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