Place
Xanthos is not significantly from Patara and a trip to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could conveniently be mixed with a trip to the seashore and/or ruins there. It is located in the vicinity of the village of Kınık on a hillside in a lovely purely natural site overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation 1 receives a supreme see of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the magnificent Taurus Mountains. It is quick to locate by vehicle, just off the most important highway and well-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is quite lovely, especially in spring.
whc.unesco.org/en/listing/484
Fantastic Common Benefit
Temporary synthesis
Made up of two neighboring settlements positioned in the southwestern aspect of Anatolia, respectively within just the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a remarkable archaeological complex. It signifies the most exclusive extant architectural illustration of the ancient Lycian Civilization, which was a single of the most essential cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two web pages strikingly illustrate the continuity and special combination of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most critical texts in Lycian language have been identified. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on massive stone pillars on the website are very important for a far better being familiar with of the historical past of the Lycian folks and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the capital of historical Lycia, illustrates the mixing of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic influence, specially in its funerary artwork. The rock-slash tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are special examples of historical funerary architecture. Their worth was by now identified in Antiquity and they influenced the artwork of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for instance immediately motivated by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The truth that some architectural and sculptural parts of the web sites have been taken to England in the 19th century, together with the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their term-huge recognition, and for that reason the Xanthos marbles became an essential aspect of the record of ancient artwork and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the initial monumental zone incorporates the old Lycian Acropolis, which was remodeled for the duration of the Hellenistic and Byzantine durations. At that time, a church was developed at the northeast corner, though an sophisticated defensive framework fortified the western side of the citadel alongside the river. Instantly north of the Acropolis stands a incredibly beautiful theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This region also attributes good Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are attribute of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and rise up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a 2nd, a lot more complex archaeological zone that extends involving the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The lessen part of the city, which features the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was located in this element of the web-site.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult heart of Xanthos, the historical federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Cities. As a lot of inscriptions uncovered at the website demonstrate, the federal sanctuary was the put where by all spiritual and political conclusions of the ruling powers ended up declared to the general public. The well-known trilingual inscription, relationship back again to 337 B.C., features a textual content inLycian and Greek as properly as an Aramaic summary and was found out close to the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, three temples are devoted to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the web page involves the ruins of a nymphaeum relationship back again to Hadrian, crafted on a drinking water resource that was viewed as sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon specifically influenced the architecture of the principal ancient metropolitan areas of Lycia this kind of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as properly as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was ranked as one of the Seven Miracles of the Historical Environment, is instantly affected by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears remarkable testimony to the Lycian civilization, each as a result of the many inscriptions observed at the two internet sites and by the amazing funerary monuments preserved within just the assets. The longest and most essential texts in the Lycian language had been found in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which were being carved in rock or on massive monoliths, are regarded outstanding evidence of this exceptional and very long-neglected Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi signify a novel sort of funerary architecture. The prosperous collection of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon allow us to thoroughly comprehend the successive acculturation phenomena that took spot in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed property involves all the needed attributes, largely unique monuments and archaeological stays, which express its Remarkable Universal Value. All parts continue to be mostly intact and are not afflicted by the unfavorable results of tourism or contemporary settlements.
These days, the only component threatening the integrity of the house is the paved road that has crossed the antique town for several a long time. Within the framework of the revised Conservation Laws put into drive in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage made the decision to near this road in 2010. In addition, wire fence was made use of to surround the location. Nevertheless, as these steps could not be implemented effectively, additional action is required to ensure that the integrity of the assets is no more time impacted. These include things like the rerouting of the highway according to ideas created in the Conservation Strategy.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its characteristics, mainly because of to the property’s distance from any contemporary settlement.
The monuments discovered during archaeological excavations have gone as a result of crucial restoration and conservations performs, which have not impacted their authenticity in phrases of style and design and layout. The most significant job was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its unique environment among 2000 and 2007. The architectural pieces that belonged to the temple of Leto, which ended up observed through excavations carried out because 1950s, enabled the thriving completion of this challenge. Some crucial restoration, conservation and consolidation performs were also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Protection and management prerequisites
The Antique City of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st diploma archaeological web-site and is topic to Nationwide Conservation Legislation. The inscribed property is also in just the boundaries of “Environment Protection Zone”, underneath the obligation of the Ministry of Setting and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Distinctive Environmental Safety Agency authorised the conservation approach for Xantos in 2001 and the linked Regional Conservation Council authorized the Conservation Approach for Letoon in 2006. The two organizing tools have been applied and call for systematic monitoring and assessment to make sure their efficiency for the management of the home.
The monuments and archaeological stays inside the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal soaring of the floor drinking water desk. Mitigation initiatives have been designed in 2006 with the design of water channels to reduce the amount of h2o through excavation will work. An additional difficulty for Letoon is the visible air pollution established by several greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the internet site. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved street slicing via the web page calls for additional measures to be thoroughly addressed.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has began is effective for the preparing of a Landscaping Job for Xanthos and Letoon that will address the problems of the residence, together with environmental manage and the preservation of the monuments. Inside the framework of this task, the web-site of Letoon will be equipped with recreation and promenade locations. This venture will also deal with inquiries of visitor administration, create consciousness-elevating insurance policies, and aim to actively entail both of those the area communities and the visitors.
www.britannica.com/put/Xanthus
Background
The historical past of Xanthos is really a violent – the Xanthosians 2 times shown the fierce independence of the Lycian individuals when they selected to dedicate mass suicide instead than submit to invading forces. The Xanthosian gentlemen set fireplace to their girls, youngsters, slaves and treasure on the acropolis before building their ultimate doomed assault on the invading Persians. Xanthos was later repopulated but the similar grotesque story recurring by itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the town all through the Roman civil wars in order to recruit troops and elevate income. Brutus was stunned by the Lycians’ suicide and provided his soldiers a reward for each individual Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens were rescued.
We built our residences graves
And our graves are houses to us
Our homes burned down
And our graves were looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We were being drenched in drinking water
They came and got us
They burned and ruined us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our moms,
Our ladies,
And for the sake of our dead,
And we,
In the identify of our honor,
And our freedom,
We, the people today of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We still left a hearth powering us,
Hardly ever to die out…
Poem observed on a pill in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat
Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:48
Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , historic , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historical , Heritage , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”
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