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  • The Care Files Part 12

    The Care Files Part 12

    The Care Files Part 12

    The reports and documents made on a child in care during the 1960s.

    Page 102
    13 Years Old.
    11.03.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called to see the mother and Philip, primarily to ask them about a holiday in the summer for Philip.
    The mother thinks it most unlikely that she could get away, even for a week, as apart from the house she must look after her mother.
    I mentioned that it was possible that Philip could go on a short holiday. He would again stay in a Children’s Home at Dinas Powis in South Wales for two weeks.
    It was soon decided by Philip that he would like to go to Dinas Powis again. I said that we hoped to arrange this holiday and I would let them know details nearer the time.There did not seem to be any reluctance on the part of Philip on returning to the children’s home again, although last year there had been a few upsets for some of the children including Philip.
    Philip has become very interested in woodwork; he showed me a bedside lamp he had made at school and a bagatelle board that his uncle had helped him make at home. He is still keen on his stamp collection and he never seems to be at a loss for something to do.
    When I ask him about school he was not over enthusiastic: he is now in the ‘B’ stream and his mother said that he had some good examination results and had come 10th in a class of 36.
    The mother seemed more settled than on some of my previous visits and there were no complaints.

    103. 29.05.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called to see the mother and Philip chiefly to ask if she could contribute something towards Philip’s holiday in the Children’s Home in August.
    The mother readily agreed to do this and will try and let us have something between Three and Five Pounds. She will be responsible for getting to Bristol by train where he will join the Mini-bus. Philip is looking forward very much to the holiday and thrilled to know it will be for two weeks.
    The care report that was made during his previous holiday will be passed on to the staff that are looking after the children this year.
    He is reasonably settled at school but he is never very enthusiastic about it; he just says that it is all right. I will make a school visit before the end of this term to ask about his progress.

    104. 05.06.70 Note to Child Care Officer from Holiday Organiser.
    I have just realised that to pick up from Bristol will mean a detour for the group who will be travelling to Wales from Reading on the M4 route. Would you care to telephone the Swansea Branch to see whether he prefers Chippenham as being more convenient to both. He will be picking up at Reading at 1pm.

    105. 20.07.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called to see the mother to make final arrangements for Philip’s holiday at Dinas Powis.
    Philip is to join the group at 2.30pm at Chippenham railway station on Saturday 8th August.
    The trains and buses to Chippenham are not very frequent but the mother will take Philip on the train, which arrives Chippenham at 1.35pm. I said that I would be there about 2.15pm and I would look out for them.
    Philip was not home from school when I arrived, but his mother was so pleased to tell me that he had done very well at school and had come 4th in his class: but Philip hoped that he would not be put up into the A class next term.
    The mother said that Philip was looking forward very much to the holiday at Dinas.

    106. 12.08.70 Receipt from NCH Bristol to Financial Secretary.
    I enclose herewith Five Pounds received from Philip’s mother as her contribution towards her son’s holiday in the Children’s Home at Dinas Powis. I shall be grateful if you would forward this receipt to the mother.

    107. 13.08.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    The mother had taken Philip to Chippenham by train and I met them at the Railway Station.
    Philip was most enthusiastic about his holiday and the mother said how lucky he was to be going.
    We had about an hour and a half to wait for the Mini-bus.
    Philip and Russell made a good relationship with each other; it looked as though they were going to be good friends.
    The mother was just able to see Philip into the Mini-van before her train back to Swindon came in. She handed me an envelope containing a contribution towards the cost of the holiday; there was Five Pounds, which I later handed over to the Bristol Office. I said I would let the mother know about the arrangements for Philip’s return journey.

    108. 13.08.70 Letter to Child Care Officer from Mother.
    Thank you for your letter, I have had three cards and a long letter from Philip, he sounded delighted with everything at Dinas Powis, and pleased to find he was the oldest boy. I will be at Chippenham Station on Saturday 22nd about 10.30am to meet Philip. Thank you very much indeed for arranging this holiday.

    109. 27.08.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I met Philip at Chippenham Railway station on the 22nd; he had come in the mini-van from Dinas Powis.
    Philip looked very well and said he had thoroughly enjoyed the holiday.
    The mother told me that she would meet Philip at the station at 10.30am but she had told Philip that if she was not there when the coach arrived to wait for her. Philip assured me that he would be quite all right waiting on his own. I therefore left him at the station in order to take Russell to Salisbury to catch a train to Weymouth.
    As I was visiting Swindon on the 24th, I went to the village where Philip lives to enquire if he had to wait very long for his mother, on Saturday.
    I met Philip in the street: he was on his bicycle on his way to the Post office. He said that his mother had arrived at the station as we were leaving so he had no time to wait on his own. I did not go to the house to see the mother, as the purpose of my visit was to make sure that Philip had arrived home safely.

    110. 12.10.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    There is always a good welcome here; the mother is grateful for the interest we are continuing to keep in Philip.
    As the mother was busy in the shop, first I had a good talk with Philip on his own. He had thoroughly enjoyed the holiday at Dinas Powis again, but with two reservations; they had all felt that rather too much of their time had been organised, although he had appreciated all the visits they had made; Philip would have preferred it if there had been more young people of his own age as when the little ones had gone to bed there was not much that just three or four could do.
    Philip is still keen on stamp collecting and he showed me his British stamps; he has a wide collection and spends most of his pocket money on these. He earns a little extra delivering leaflets once a fortnight and this money is being saved for a bicycle tyre for Christmas.
    He is not very enthusiastic about school, it is tolerable! But he seems to be keeping up with the work. He has a number of friends in the village and also in the town where the school is situated.
    His mother joined us and she said how very much Philip had enjoyed his holiday and how wonderful it had been for him. She was most grateful to the NCH for arranging everything: she would like to write to the staff concerned to thank them for all they did. As I did not have the correct address of the Swansea Branch with me, the mother will send her letter c/o the Regional Office.
    When the mother was on her own, I explained to the mother that the reports by the staff over Philip had been generally good, but again he appeared to have some night problems. The mother told me that on his return from the holiday he had liked the Home, and did not realise that there still were still a few problems of bedwetting. I told the mother that as Philip had seemed to get over the matter, it possibly was best not to bring the matter up unless he became upset again. There had been reports of some of the other boys starting to wet the bed again.

    111. 21.12.70 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called briefly to take a Christmas gift for Philip on 17th December. He was looking forward to breaking up from school on the following day, a day earlier than expected because of a conference. The mother said that he had made a very nice salad bowl in woodwork, Philip prefers the practical subjects at school and hopes to make a table skittle set next term.
    Philip had done all his Christmas shopping and wrapped all the presents. He seems to organise his time very well and is rarely at a loose end. Both Philip and his mother were delighted to have heard from Harpenden and the mother was gradually getting a letter written in her reply as she has been busy helping in the shop and checking the stock etc.

    112. 06.01.71 Letter to Mother from Bristol NCH.
    Owing to reorganisation of regional boundaries, in order to line them up with Home Office and Local Authority regional boundaries, it has been necessary for us to transfer supervision of all administrative matters concerning Philip to the South-East region. All matters concerning his welfare and about which you normally wrote to this office should now be addressed to Highbury.
    The Child Care Officer has also been transferred to the South-East Region and will continue supervision of Philip. These changes came into effect on 1st Jan 1971.

    14 Years Old.
    113. 01.03.71 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I went to visit Philip and his mother on 26th February, she seemed pleased to see me: she and Philip always give me a welcome. The mother said that he was reasonably happy in the village but she found life rather monotonous and village life was very quiet.
    Philip does not enjoy school very much but he evidently worked well as he had come 3rd in his class; his report had been very satisfactory but the general remark had indicated the comment that he must learn to stand on his own two feet.
    This apparently referred to the fact that he gets very down when some of the boys call him ‘wog’ or ‘chocolate boy’ but he does not retaliate.
    We talked about this together and he seemed to cheer up, as he had been particularly upset on that day. On the other hand he has many friends from both school and in the village.
    Philip asked about Russell and if I had seen him lately: he and Russell had become good friends when they were on holiday together at Dinas Powis last summer. There is no doubt that Philip very much appreciated this holiday and I hope that it will be possible to arrange something for him this year.

    114. 17.03.71 Family Aid Review.
    The health of both Philip and his mother is very good.
    The mother and Philip have a good relationship with each other and the family appear to be happy.
    The mother looks after her mother and does all the housekeeping.
    No financial assistance is required apart from help with a summer holiday for Philip. Material help is not required but emotionally, the mother does appreciate visits and discussions about Philip from time to time.

    115. 31.03.71 Letter from Harpenden NCH to London NCH.
    I enclose herewith a letter I have received from the mother of Philip, which is self-explanatory. We haven’t the Birth Certificate on our file, and I can only conclude that it will be at Chief Office. I would be grateful if you could reply to the mother direct.

    MY ANSWER. The reason for the request for my birth certificate is so that I can show it to some of the boys at school, and finally prove to them that I was born in London and I’m not a foreigner. This might be the only way I can put an end to the constant teasing over the colour of my skin.

    116. 24.03.71 Letter from Mother to Harpenden NCH.
    May I please have the Birth Certificate of Philip, if it is still at the office, he was at Highfield 1965-68. I left it at the office on his arrival.

    117. 01.04.71 Letter to Mother from NCH London.
    Thank you for your letter of 24th March, please find enclosed the birth certificate of Philip, would you please be kind enough to sign the attached receipt and return it to me at your convenience.

    118. Report of Child Care Officer.
    As always I was given a very friendly welcome by both Philip and his mother.
    Philip was looking very well; he talked more happily about school and seemed to be doing well. He had been given a patch of the garden at home to cultivate and he was keen to show me the variety of plants he was growing.
    The mother also seemed more cheerful and she showed me, with pride, the improvements, which her brother-in-law had made in the garden.
    Philip would very much like to go on holiday again. This year he will go to the Swansea Children’s Home. This would be for two weeks 14th to 28th August. The mother expressed her gratitude that we were again giving Philip this opportunity; he would not otherwise get a holiday away from home. I agreed to let them know details about traveling nearer the time.

    119. 19.07.71 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called to see the mother and Philip with details of the traveling arrangements for the Holiday in Swansea.
    I had previously discussed the train times as to which trains the London party will be traveling on, this train does not stop at Swindon.
    Philip will travel to Swansea on the train that leaves Swindon at 11.15 am. and arrives at Swansea at 1.40pm. He will be met at Swansea station; further details have yet to be arranged. The details for Philip’s return journey have also yet to be finalised; he will probably travel on the train that leaves Swansea at 9.20 a.m. and arrives in Swindon at 11.41 am.
    I agreed to let his mother know as soon as this was settled.
    Philip had ‘broken up’ from school on the day I called: his mother had seen his report which had been returned to school; it had been a good report, Philip had come 4th in his class and had made good progress. I asked if Philip had any idea what he wanted to do when he left school. At present his chief interest is in postage stamps and he would like to get a job with one of the big firms in London.
    His mother is quite agreeable for him to think along these lines; she would be happy to obtain work as a housekeeper. However, this will not be for another two years.
    Philip is looking forward to his holiday in Swansea and his mother again expressed her appreciation that we were giving Philip this opportunity.

    120. 10.08.71 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called to let Philip know what he is to do when he arrives at Swansea station on Saturday 14th August.
    As arranged in consultation with the London party, Philip is to wait just outside the station by the ticket collector where he will be met.
    The mother said how much Philip is looking forward to the holiday and counting the days. She is most grateful to us for giving Philip the opportunity of a holiday and she gave me seven pounds, which she had saved up as a contribution towards the cost.
    Philip came in with his grandmother just as I was leaving and so I was able to have a brief word with him.
    I will send the seven pounds to the office.

    121. 23.08.71 Letter to Secretary from Office.
    Swansea Holiday Project. I enclose the cheque for seven pounds in respect of contribution received from Philip’s mother in respect of his holiday in Swansea. Will you please send a receipt to The Child Care Officer who will pass it on to the mother.

    THE NCH REPORT ON THE HOLIDAY.
    August 1971.
    Twenty children whose ages ranged from 10 to 15 years, spent two weeks holiday at Killay House, Children’s Home, Swansea, from August 14th to 28th. The children were all either in NCH or Local Authority care under the Family Aid scheme.
    Sister Stephanie Hall was in charge of the party at Swansea. The physical structure of Killay House in its beautiful grounds was ideal for the holiday plan.
    Sister June was in charge of the branch at the time of arrival, and the welcome she and the staff gave the early holiday staff arrivals, and the hard work they put in making up beds and explaining the working order of the House, before turning out of the house into the pouring rain to a wet camp field, went a long way to make a successful start to the holiday. Those who normally lived at Killay House were sent away to live in a field for the two weeks that Killay House would be occupied.
    The children came from a variety of backgrounds but their real need appeared to lie in the fact, that they required a holiday where they could relax away from family tensions, and, if possible, be given an opportunity to express some of the feelings brought about by such tensions.
    All the staff were introduced to the children by name, explaining who they were, what they were doing prior to the holiday, and their ages. It was agreed that the staff could be called by their first names rather than their normal titles.
    We explained that there were no fixed bed times, but the children could please themselves what time they went to bed, as long as it was before the staff. They would be told the night before what time breakfast would be, and if they did not wish to have breakfast they could remain in bed until the day’s activities started. At first the children were very quiet about the house, but as they began to relax the house always seemed full of noisy chatter, and it must have been good for some of them to escape to their various rooms and places in the house and garden, where they could be on their own.
    Towards the end of the holiday, settling down in bed became almost a ritual, when the children would ask that all the staff went to their rooms to tuck them up, kiss them good-night, and have a bedtime chat. These ‘chats’ were the times when the children shared with us their fears at night, such as the dark and bedwetting; also their feelings about the tensions in their family lives. The staff were sensitive to these times, and it was felt that a large part of the benefit of this holiday was achieved at these times.
    At first, the staff who had had little experience of this kind of structure were themselves wary, looking for leadership and watching out for incidents or unruly behaviour. They were able to discuss these things in the evening gathering of staff, and the way they co-operated at every possible level was outstanding. The children formed holiday relationships with the staff and each other, and there was a great deal of emotion shown at parting from each other on August 28th.

    122. 07.09.71 Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called on 6th September to see Philip and his mother, to hear about Philip’s holiday in Swansea.
    Unfortunately Philip had started school that day and as I called early in the afternoon I was unable to see him.
    The mother said that Philip had thoroughly enjoyed his holiday; he had been pleased that there were several boys of his own age there including one whom he had met at Dinas Powis the previous year. Philip had thought it was grand to be allowed to call Sister Stephanie, Steve and the other members of the staff by their Christian names. This arrangement had obviously made the atmosphere less formal. Philip had been delighted to be able to spend a good deal of time on the beach and swimming; altogether he thought the holiday had been a great success. Apart again from a few wet beds.
    The mother again expressed her gratitude to us for giving Philip the holiday.

    123. 29.12.71 Report of Child Care Officer.
    When I called to see Philip and his mother on 20th December, I was greeted with the news that they had moved to the South Coast.
    The mother’s sister said that their mother had died in October after having another stroke. The mother had then felt that she was free to apply for a job, which would enable her to be more independent and to live on her own with Philip.
    The mother had subsequently accepted a post as a housekeeper in a family house. I was given her new address. She had been asked to start before Christmas and therefore moved two days ago on Saturday 18th December.
    The sister said that the job sounded very pleasant, but it would remain to be seen how the mother and Philip settled.
    The sister is prepared to have her sister and Philip back again should this prove to be necessary, she said that her sister had written to us to inform us of her move

    On 21st December the letter from the mother was received informing of her new address.

    On 22nd December I called to see the mother and Philip in their self-contained flat attached to the main house. They are very comfortably housed but as they had only moved on 18th December it was early days to say that they were settled. The mother does all the cooking and some of the housework in the large house with a permanent family of three, but there are frequent and numerous guests.
    The mother has an agreement with her employer that the situation is reviewed after two weeks.
    This is a start to a new life for Philip and his mother; if the mother can cope with the work it should prove very satisfactory. The house is situated in an affluent residential part of the town about one mile from the centre. Philip will have some distance to travel to school and the mother was going to make enquiries at two schools after Christmas. The Headmaster of Philip’s school had given her two schools to which she should apply.
    I asked the mother to let us know if after two weeks it was necessary to return to her sister. If we did not hear from her, I would call early in the New Year to see if Philip was settled in a school.

    124. 21.12.71 Letter to Child Care Officer from the Mother.
    Things are happening so fast here; I think I’d better let you know what’s afoot.
    The sad news first, my mother died suddenly in October, she was quite well in the evening & I went in her room about 10.30 p.m., then about mid-night I heard her shouting, she was having another stroke which lasted until 4 a.m. when she died.
    Now for happier things, Phil & I are off to the South Coast on the 18th. After waiting weeks & writing dozens of letters, the right job seems to have come along; I am to be housekeeper in a large beautiful house. We have our own flat, two bedrooms, bathroom, sitting room (with TV), it’s rather a pity Phil will have to change schools just in his last year, but I think this position is too good to miss.
    I was invited to the prize giving at the school as Phil won his form’s Progress Prize, a nice book; he was twice rewarded as his aunt & uncle bought him a very smart radio for ‘good effort’. I do hope we will see you either before we depart or when we are at our new address.

    15 YEARS OLD
    125. 04.01.72. Report of Child Care Officer.
    I called on 3rd January to see if Philip and his mother had settled in, and to hear how she managed all the Christmas arrangements.
    As far as the mother is concerned, everything went satisfactorily and she is prepared to continue; the final decision naturally rests with her employer.
    Philip will attend one of two schools; both are about one and a half miles away from where he is living. The mother said she had been advised to wait until Wednesday 5th January before making enquiries.
    Philip hopes to leave school at the end of term, when he is anxious to work in one of the town’s stamp shops. Stamp collecting had been Philip’s one real hobby and he would like to make enquires fairly soon regarding a possible vacancy for an assistant. Philip already knows of four or five stamp shops.
    I recommend that visiting continue for a few more months, possibly until Philip is settled in some work, when this case could then be closed.

    126. 10.02.72. Report of Child Care Officer.
    I met the mother by chance in town; she was out shopping and had just recovered from an attack of influenza.
    She seems settled in her new job and as far as she knows everything is going satisfactorily. Her sister and brother-in-law visited and they were impressed with the present situation.
    Philip is attending a boys’ school; he has been persuaded to stay on at school until he is 16 and to take examinations.
    The mother said that there is strict discipline at the school and Philip has a good deal of homework. Philip has settled happily, and gets down to his homework without any trouble and appears to be working well.
    I would recommend that consideration could be given to the possibility of closing this case at the end of March, after I have made one more visit.

    127. 08.05.72 Report of Child Care Officer.
    Visit of 04.05.72 The Mother is now very well settled in her job as housekeeper in the large private house.
    Philip is doing well at school and had recently had a good report. He will be staying on until July 1973 in order to take several subjects in examinations. He maintains his great interest in ‘stamps’ and definitely wants a career in this line.
    He thinks that the school will give him good help in finding a suitable job and will seek further advice from the Careers Adviser if necessary. Philip has already made some enquiries in the town about opportunities in the work he wants to do and is very hopeful of being able to find what he wants.
    As both the mother and Philip are so well settled financially and materially, I suggested that they were no longer in need of our help and support. The mother thanked us for all that we had done for Philip as well as for her and for the interest we had taken in both of them.
    In view of this satisfactory situation, I recommend that we close this case.

    128. 22.05.72 Letter to Bristol NCH from London NCH.
    We note your comments. This is receiving our attention. I should be glad if you would kindly let us have the main file in due course.

    129 10.05.77 Letter to NCH London from Philip.
    Asking if any records were held and would it is possible to have a copy of them.

    130 17.05.77 Letter to Philip from NCH.
    Replying to request to see file.
    We do, of course, have records of your three-year stay at Harpenden, which are not possible to be copied.
    You did come up to Highbury in October 1967 when you were rather unsettled at Harpenden and when it was felt that tests might indicate some other means of helping you. Of course, it was shortly after this that you returned to live with your mother, and as far as we could tell, this was what was required.
    I do not know if you would wish to take this any further either by correspondence or by coming up to Highbury for a talk, but perhaps you will let me know how you feel.

    MY ANSWER. The reply that they do have a file is interesting, but I was now twenty, I just did not feel like either writing to them or even going up to see them. How could I ask them about things that I did not know if they knew about? My three years in their care were a bit mixed up in my mind. I wanted to forget about the matter but I couldn’t. There are so many things that I would like answers to, but I would find it difficult to ask the questions.

    It was twenty years later when I saw my file.

    Posted by theirhistory on 2018-10-13 08:55:36

    Tagged: , child , children , boy , boys , kid , children’s home , orphanage , care , national children’s home , nch , nch&o , harpenden , england , hertfordshire , uk , highfield , london , cricklewood , sister , methodist , oval , school

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  • Selworthy Green Prior to 1938. And Kristallnacht.

    Selworthy Green Prior to 1938. And Kristallnacht.

    Selworthy Green Prior to 1938. And Kristallnacht.

    The Postcard

    A postcard that was published by F. Frith & Co. Ltd. of Reigate and printed in England. The card was posted in Waltham Cross on Tuesday the 8th. November 1938 to:

    Miss G. Huddlestone,
    25, Wellhouse Lane,
    Barnet,
    Herts.

    The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:

    "We shall be delighted to
    see you on the 19th. I shall
    have to go out to tea with a
    friend on Sunday, but I expect
    you will not mind.
    My sister wants you to have
    tea with her, & Dingles will be
    at home.
    Love from G. N. B.
    Len will meet you at the
    church at Barnet at 9 o’clock".

    Selworthy

    Selworthy is a small village 5 kilometres (3 mi) from Minehead in Somerset, England. It is located in the National Trust’s Holnicote Estate on the northern fringes of Exmoor.

    Jewish Suppression in Germany and Kristallnacht

    So what else happened on the day that the card was sent?

    Well, on the 8th. November 1938, the German government barred Jewish children from German state elementary schools as a precursor to Kristallnacht that took place on the following two days.

    Kristallnacht

    Kristallnacht was a pogrom against Jews carried out by SA paramilitary forces and civilians throughout Nazi Germany on the 9th. and 10th. November 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening.

    The name Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night") comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues were smashed.

    The pretext for the attacks was the assassination of the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old German-born Polish Jew living in Paris.

    Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers. Rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland.

    Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed, and 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and incarcerated in concentration camps.

    Martin Gilbert wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany sent shockwaves around the world. The Times of London observed on the 11th. November 1938:

    "No foreign propagandist bent upon
    blackening Germany before the world
    could outdo the tale of burnings and
    beatings, of blackguardly assaults on
    defenceless and innocent people, which
    disgraced that country yesterday."

    Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered. However, modern analysis of German sources puts the figure much higher; when deaths from post-arrest maltreatment and subsequent suicides are included, the death toll reaches the hundreds, with Richard J. Evans estimating 638 deaths by suicide alone.

    Historians view Kristallnacht as a prelude to the Final Solution and the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust.

    Background to Kristallnacht

    In the 1920’s, most German Jews were fully integrated into German society as German citizens. They served in the German army and navy, and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture.

    However, conditions for German Jews began to change after the appointment of Adolf Hitler (the Austrian-born leader of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party) as Chancellor of Germany on the 30th. January 1933, and the Enabling Act (implemented on the 23rd. March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the Reichstag fire of the 27th. February 1933.

    From its inception, Hitler’s regime moved quickly to introduce anti-Jewish policies. Nazi propaganda alienated 500,000 Jews in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany’s defeat in the First World War and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the 1920’s hyperinflation and the Wall Street Crash Great Depression.

    Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of anti-Jewish laws restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship and to gain education, including a law which forbade Jews from working in the civil service. The subsequent 1935 Nuremberg Laws stripped German Jews of their citizenship, and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans.

    These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life. Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as Chaim Weizmann wrote in 1936:

    "The world seemed to be divided into
    two parts – those places where the Jews
    could not live, and those where they
    could not enter."

    The international Évian Conference on the 6th. July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and Gypsy immigration to other countries. By the time the conference took place, more than 250,000 Jews had fled Germany and Austria, which had been annexed by Germany in March 1938; more than 300,000 German and Austrian Jews continued to seek refuge and asylum from oppression.

    As the number of Jews and Gypsies wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. By 1938, Germany had entered a new radical phase in anti-Semitic activity. Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews, and were waiting for an appropriate provocation; there is evidence of this planning dating back to 1937.

    In the so-called "Polenaktion", more than 12,000 Polish Jews were expelled from Germany on the 28th. October 1938, on Hitler’s orders. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night, and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbours.

    The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders.

    Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. A British newspaper told its readers that:

    "Hundreds are lying about, penniless and
    deserted, in little villages along the frontier
    near where they had been driven out by
    the Gestapo and left."

    A British woman who had been sent to help those who had been expelled reported that:

    "Conditions in the refugee camps are so bad
    that some actually tried to escape back into
    Germany and were shot".

    The Shooting of Ernst vom Rath

    Among those expelled from Germany was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in Hanover.

    At the trial of Adolf Eichmann in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of the 27th. October 1938:

    "They took us in police trucks, in prisoners’
    lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they
    took us to the railway station.
    The streets were full of people shouting:
    ‘Juden Raus! Auf Nach Palästina!’" ("Jews out,
    out to Palestine!").

    Their seventeen-year-old son Herschel Grynszpan was living in Paris with an uncle. Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family’s expulsion:

    "No one told us what was up, but we realized
    this was going to be the end. We haven’t a
    penny. Could you send us something?"

    Herschel received the postcard on the 3rd. November 1938. On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official.

    After he was taken to the office of Ernst vom Rath, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis’ treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable.

    Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. In his pocket, he carried a postcard to his parents with the message:

    "May God forgive me. I must protest so
    that the whole world hears my protest,
    and that I will do."

    It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian Hans-Jürgen Döscher says the shooting may have been the result of a homosexual love affair gone wrong. Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit, which was a popular meeting place for gay men at the time.

    The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers.

    A newspaper in Great Britain described the last move, which cut off the Jewish populace from their leaders, as:

    "Intended to disrupt the Jewish community
    and rob it of the last frail ties which hold it
    together."

    Their rights as citizens had been stripped. One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever, and imposing a penalty of twenty years’ confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter.

    The Death of Ernst vom Rath

    Ernst vom Rath died of his wounds on the 9th. November 1938. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 Beer Hall Putsch.

    After intense discussions, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels delivered the speech in his place, and said that:

    "The Führer has decided that demonstrations
    should not be prepared or organized by the
    party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously,
    they are not to be hampered."

    The chief judge Walter Buch later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom.

    Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels’ actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. Heinrich Himmler wrote:

    "I suppose that it is Goebbels’s megalomania
    and stupidity which is responsible for starting
    this operation now, in a particularly difficult
    diplomatic situation."

    The historian Saul Friedländer believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about Kristallnacht. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the Sudeten crisis, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a Czech actress, Lída Baarová.

    Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. At 1:20 am on the 10th. November 1938, Reinhard Heydrich sent an urgent secret telegram to the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and the Sturmabteilung (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots.

    This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labour) concentration camps.

    Rioting

    Müller, in a message to SA and SS commanders, stated that the most extreme measures were to be taken against Jewish people.

    The SA and Hitler Youth shattered the windows of about 7,500 Jewish stores and businesses, hence the appellation Kristallnacht (Crystal Night), and looted their goods.

    Jewish homes were ransacked throughout Germany. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes.

    The rioters destroyed 267 synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland. Over 1,400 synagogues and prayer rooms, many Jewish cemeteries, more than 7,000 Jewish shops, and 29 department stores were damaged, and in many cases destroyed. More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested and imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps; primarily Dachau, Buchenwald, and Sachsenhausen.

    The synagogues, some centuries old, were victims of considerable violence and vandalism, with the tactics the Stormtroops practised on these and other sacred sites described as "approaching the ghoulish" by the United States Consul in Leipzig.

    Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. Eric Lucas recalls the destruction of the synagogue that a tiny Jewish community had constructed in a small village only twelve years earlier:

    "It did not take long before the first heavy
    grey stones came tumbling down, and the
    children of the village amused themselves
    as they flung stones into the many colored
    windows.
    When the first rays of a cold and pale
    November sun penetrated the heavy dark
    clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap
    of stone, broken glass and smashed-up
    woodwork.

    After this, the Jewish community was fined 1 billion Reichsmarks (equivalent to 7 billion in 2020 USD). The Daily Telegraph correspondent, Hugh Greene, wrote of events in Berlin:

    "Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon
    and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in
    an orgy of destruction.
    I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany
    during the last five years, but never anything as
    nauseating as this.
    Racial hatred and hysteria seem to have taken
    complete hold of otherwise decent people. I saw
    fashionably dressed women clapping their hands
    and screaming with glee, while respectable
    middle-class mothers held up their babies to see
    the ‘fun’".

    Many Berliners were however deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help. The son of a US consular official heard the janitor of his block cry:

    "They must have emptied the insane asylums
    and penitentiaries to find people who’d do
    things like that!"

    Tucson News TV channel briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. According to eyewitness Esther Harris:

    "They ripped up the belongings, the books,
    knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities".

    Göring, who was in favour of expropriating the Jews rather than destroying Jewish property as had happened in the pogrom, complained directly to Sicherheitspolizei Chief Heydrich immediately after the events:

    "I’d rather you had done in two-hundred
    Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!"

    The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. They were forced to pay a collective fine of one billion marks for the murder of vom Rath (equal to roughly $US 5.5 billion in today’s currency), which was levied by the compulsory acquisition of 20% of all Jewish property by the state.

    Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage owing to the Jewish community were to be paid to the government instead as "damages to the German Nation".

    The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to left the country. In the ten months following Kristallnacht, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich. The majority went to other European countries, the U.S. and Mandatory Palestine, and at least 14,000 made it to Shanghai, China.

    As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the émigrés left behind. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near Brandenburg.

    In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by Yaron Svoray, an investigative journalist. The site, the size of four Association football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of the 9th. November 1938. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. Among the items found were glass bottles engraved with the Star of David, mezuzot, painted window sills, and the armrests of chairs found in synagogues, in addition to an ornamental swastika.

    Responses to Kristallnacht

    The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to Kristallnacht was varied. Many spectators gathered at the scenes, most of them in silence. The local fire departments confined themselves to prevent the flames from spreading to neighbouring buildings. In Berlin, police Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt barred SA troopers from setting the New Synagogue on fire, earning his superior officer a verbal reprimand from the commissioner.

    The British historian Martin Gilbert believes that many non-Jews resented the round-up, his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing people crying while watching from behind their curtains.

    Rolf Dessauers recalls how a neighbour came forward and restored a portrait of Paul Ehrlich that had been slashed to ribbons by the Sturmabteilung:

    "He wanted it to be known that
    not all Germans supported
    Kristallnacht."

    The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless.

    In an article released for publication on the evening of the 11th. November, Goebbels ascribed the events of Kristallnacht to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. He went on to explain:

    "The German people are anti-Semitic. It has
    no desire to have its rights restricted or to
    be provoked in the future by parasites of
    the Jewish race."

    Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone’s mind. According to Eugene Davidson, the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels’s unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath.

    Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of the 11th. November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been:

    "Spontaneous manifestations of indignation
    against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the
    young Jew Grynsban [sic]".

    As it was aware that the German public generally did not support the Kristallnacht, the propaganda ministry directed the German press to portray opponents of racial persecution as disloyal.

    The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events.[64] In 1939 this was extended to a prohibition on reporting any anti-Jewish measures.

    To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews. Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Dusseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population.

    While individual Catholics and Protestants took action, the churches as a whole chose silence publicly. Nevertheless, individuals continued to show courage, for example, a parson paid the medical bills of a Jewish cancer patient and was sentenced to a large fine and several months in prison in 1941.

    Reformed Church pastor Paul Schneider placed a Nazi sympathizer under church discipline and he was subsequently sent to Buchenwald where he was murdered. A Protestant parson spoke out in 1943 and was sent to Dachau concentration camp where he died after a few days. A Catholic nun was sentenced to death in 1945 for helping Jews.

    Kristallnacht as a Turning Point

    Kristallnacht changed the nature of the Nazi persecution of Jews from economic, political, and social to physical with beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of the Holocaust.

    In this view, it is described not only as a pogrom, but also as a critical stage within a process where each step becomes the seed of the next. An account cited that Hitler’s green light for Kristallnacht was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany.

    Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazis’ primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind. In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988:

    "Kristallnacht came…and
    everything was changed."

    While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "The Final Solution", it foreshadowed the genocide to come. Around the time of Kristallnacht, the SS newspaper Das Schwarze Korps called for a "destruction by swords and flames."

    At a conference on the day after the pogrom, Hermann Göring said:

    "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if,
    in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war
    beyond our border—then it is obvious that we
    will have to manage a final account with the
    Jews."

    Kristallnacht was also instrumental in changing global opinion. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident that came to symbolize Nazism and was the reason the Nazis became associated with evil.

    Kristallnacht was publicly referenced on the 10th. January 2021 by former Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger in a speech decrying the actions of President Donald Trump and the attack he was said to have incited on the U.S. Capitol on the 6th. January.

    Posted by pepandtim on 2021-04-05 09:00:59

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  • CS Magazine – Kindling

    CS Magazine – Kindling

    CS Magazine - Kindling

    Shot for CS Interiors, 2008

    Posted by Saverio Truglia on 2011-10-05 15:34:03

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