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  • Hot out of the Oven …

    Hot out of the Oven …

    Hot out of the Oven ...

    Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Village

    Random Goodness Doing the job for a Far better Entire world

    Posted by Mr. Content Facial area – Peace 🙂 on 2013-04-25 03:13:38

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  • Vizcaya Museum and Gardens – Miami Florida – Reception Room

    Vizcaya Museum and Gardens – Miami Florida – Reception Room

    Vizcaya Museum and Gardens - Miami Florida - Reception Room

    Vizcaya was the winter season residence of American industrialist James Deering from Xmas 1916 right up until his dying in 1925. Deering was a Vice President of the Global Harvester Corporation, which developed agricultural machines for a around the globe market. He selected a bayfront site in Miami for his tropical winter house because of the location’s temperate winter local weather and his appreciation of the native hardwood hammock. 323

    Posted by Onasill ~ Monthly bill Badzo – – Be Happy, Harmless & Healthful on 2020-08-13 11:00:10

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  • St Albans Cathedral Abbey, St Albans, Hertfordshire, England

    St Albans Cathedral Abbey, St Albans, Hertfordshire, England

    St Albans Cathedral Abbey, St Albans, Hertfordshire, England

    St Albans Cathedral, also known as the Cathedral and Abbey Church of St Alban, is a Church of England cathedral church within St Albans, England. At 84 metres (276 ft), its nave is the longest of any cathedral in England. With much of its present architecture dating from Norman times, it was formerly known as St Albans Abbey before it became a cathedral in 1877. It is the second longest cathedral in the United Kingdom (after Winchester). Local residents often call it "the abbey", although the present cathedral represents only the church of the old Benedictine abbey.

    The abbey church, although legally a cathedral church, differs in certain particulars from most of the other cathedrals in England: it is also used as a parish church, of which the dean is rector. He has the same powers, responsibilities and duties as the rector of any other parish.

    Alban was a pagan living in the Roman city of Verulamium, now Verulamium Park, in St Albans, in Hertfordshire, England, about 22 miles (35 km) north of London along Watling Street. Before Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, local Christians were being persecuted by the Romans. Alban sheltered their priest, Saint Amphibalus, in his home and was converted to the Christian faith by him. When the soldiers came to Alban’s house looking for the priest, Alban exchanged cloaks with the priest and let himself be arrested in his place. Alban was taken before the magistrate, where he avowed his new Christian faith and was condemned for it. He was beheaded, according to legend, on the spot where the cathedral named after him now stands. The site is on a steep hill and legend has it that his head rolled down the hill after being cut off and that a well sprang up at the point where it stopped.
    A well certainly exists today and the road up to the cathedral is named Holywell Hill. However the current well structure is no older than the late 19th century and it is thought that the name of the street derives from the "Halywell" river and "Halywell Bridge", not from the well.

    The date of Alban’s execution is a matter of some debate and is generally given as "circa 250"—scholars generally suggest dates of 209, 254 or 304.

    History of the abbey and cathedral

    A memoria over the execution point and holding the remains of Alban existed at the site from the mid-4th century (possibly earlier); Bedementions a church and Gildas a shrine. Bishop Germanus of Auxerre visited in 429 and took a portion of the apparently still bloody earth away. The style of this structure is unknown; the 13th century chronicler Matthew Paris (see below) claimed that the Saxons destroyed the building in 586.

    Saxon buildings
    Offa II of Mercia, who ruled in the 8th century, is said to have founded the Benedictine abbey and monastery at St Albans. All later religious structures are dated from the foundation of Offa’s abbey in 793. The abbey was built on Holmhurst Hill—now Holywell Hill—across the River Ver from the ruins of Verulamium. Again there is no information to the form of the first abbey. The abbey was probably sacked by the Danes around 890 and, despite Paris’s claims, the office of abbot remained empty from around 920 until the 970s when the efforts of Dunstanreached the town.

    There was an intention to rebuild the abbey in 1005 when Abbot Ealdred was licensed to remove building material from Verulamium. With the town resting on clay and chalk the only tough stone is flint. This was used with a lime mortar and then either plastered over or left bare. With the great quantities of brick, tile and other stone in Verulamium the Roman site became a prime source of building material for the abbeys, and other projects in the area, up to the 18th century. Sections demanding worked stone used Lincolnshire limestone (Barnack stone) from Verulamium, later worked stones include Totternhoe freestone from Bedfordshire, Purbeck marble, and different limestones (Ancaster, Chilmark, Clipsham, etc.).
    Renewed Viking raids from 1016 stalled the Saxon efforts and very little from the Saxon abbey was incorporated in the later forms.

    The nave. The north wall (left) features a mix of Norman arches dating back to 1077 and arches in the Early English style of 1200.

    Norman abbey
    Much of the current layout and proportions of the structure date from the first Norman abbot, Paul of Caen (1077–1093). The 14th abbot, he was appointed by the new Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc.

    Building work started in the year of Abbot Paul’s arrival. The design and construction was overseen by the Norman Robert the Mason. The plan has very limited Anglo-Saxon elements and is clearly influenced by the French work at Cluny, Bernay, and Caen and shares a similar floor plan to Saint-Étienne and Lanfranc’s Canterbury—although the poorer quality building material was a new challenge for Robert and he clearly borrowed some Roman techniques, learned while gathering material in Verulamium. To take maximum use of the hilltop the abbey was oriented to the south-east. The cruciform abbey was the largest built in England at that time, it had a chancel of four bays, a transept containing seven apses, and a nave of ten bays—fifteen bays long overall. Robert gave particular attention to solid foundations, running a continuous wall of layered bricks, flints and mortar below and pushing the foundations down to twelve feet to hit bedrock. Below the crossing tower special large stones were used.

    The tower was a particular triumph—it is the only 11th century great crossing tower still standing in England. Robert began with special thick supporting walls and four massive brick piers. The four-level tower tapers at each stage with clasping buttresses on the three lower levels and circular buttresses on the fourth stage. The entire structure masses 5,000 tons and is 144 feet high. The tower was probably topped with a Norman pyramidal roof; the current roof is flat. The original ringing chamber had five bells—two paid for by the Abbot, two by a wealthy townsman, and one donated by the rector of Hoddesdon. None of these bells has survived.
    There was a widespread belief that the abbey had two additional, smaller towers at the west end. No remains have been found.

    The monastic abbey was completed in 1089 but not consecrated until Holy Innocents’ Day, 1115, (28 Dec) by the Archbishop of Rouen. King Henry I attended as did many bishops and nobles.
    A nunnery (Sopwell Priory) was founded nearby in 1140.

    Internally the abbey was bare of sculpture, almost stark. The plaster walls were coloured and patterned in parts, with extensive tapestries adding colour. Sculptural decoration was added, mainly ornaments, as it became more fashionable in the 12th century—especially after the Gothic style arrived in England around 1170.

    In the current structure the original Norman arches survive principally under the central tower and on the north side of the nave. The arches in the rest of the building are Gothic, following medieval rebuilding and extensions, and Victorian era restoration.

    The abbey was extended in the 1190s by Abbot John de Cella (also known as John of Wallingford) (1195–1214); as the number of monks grew from fifty to over a hundred, the abbey was extended westwards with three bays added to the nave. The severe Norman west front was also rebuilt by Hugh de Goldclif—although how is uncertain, it was very costly but its ‘rapid’ weathering and later alterations have erased all but fragments. A more prominent shrine and altar to Saint Amphibalus were also added. The work was very slow under de Cella and was not completed until the time of Abbot William de Trumpington (1214–35). The low Norman tower roof was demolished and a new, much higher, broached spire was raised, sheathed in lead.
    The St Albans Psalter (ca. 1130–45) is the best known of a number of important Romanesque illuminated manuscripts produced in the Abbey scriptorium. Later, Matthew Paris, a monk at St Albans from 1217 until his death in 1259, was important both as a chronicler and an artist. Eighteen of his manuscripts survive and are a rich source of contemporary information for historians.
    Nicholas Breakspear was born near St Albans and applied to be admitted to the abbey as a novice, but he was turned down. He eventually managed to be accepted into an abbey in France. In 1154 he was elected Pope Adrian IV, the only English Pope there has ever been. The head of the abbey was confirmed as the premier abbot in England also in 1154.

    13th to 15th centuries

    An earthquake shook the abbey in 1250 and damaged the eastern end of the church. In 1257 the dangerously cracked sections were knocked down—three apses and two bays. The thick Presbytery wall supporting the tower was left. The rebuilding and updating was completed during the rule of Abbot Roger de Norton (1263–90).

    On 10 October 1323 two piers on the south side of the nave collapsed dragging down much of the roof and wrecking five bays. Mason Henry Wy undertook the rebuilding, matching the Early English style of the rest of the bays but adding distinctly 14th century detailing and ornaments. The shrine to St Amphibalus had also been damaged and was remade.

    Abbey Gateway, now part of St. Albans School.
    Richard of Wallingford, abbot from 1297 to 1336 and a mathematician and astronomer, designed a celebrated clock, which was completed by William of Walsham after his death, but apparently destroyed during the reformation.

    A new gateway, now called the Abbey Gateway, was built to the abbey grounds in 1365, which was the only part of the monastery buildings (besides the church) to survive the dissolution, later being used as a prison and now part of St Albans School. The other monastic buildings were located to the south of the gateway and church.

    In the 15th century a large west window of nine main lights and a deep traced head was commissioned by John of Wheathampstead. The spire was reduced to a ‘Hertfordshire spike’, the roof pitch greatly reduced and battlements liberally added. Further new windows, at £50 each, were put in the transept by Abbot Wallingford (also known as William of Wallingford), who also had a new high altar screen made.

    Dissolution and after
    After the death of Abbot Ramryge in 1521 the abbey fell into debt and slow decay under three weak abbots. At the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries and its surrender on 5 December 1539 the income was £2,100 annually. The abbot and remaining forty monks were pensioned off and then the buildings were looted. All gold, silver and gilt objects were carted away with all other valuables; stonework was broken and defaced and graves opened to burn the contents.

    The abbey became part of the diocese of Lincoln in 1542 and was moved to the diocese of London in 1550. The buildings suffered—neglect, second-rate repairs, even active damage. Richard Lee purchased all the buildings, except the church and chapel and some other Crown premises, in 1550. Lee then began the systematic demolition for building material to improve Lee Hall at Sopwell. In 1551, with the stone removed, Lee returned the land to the abbot. The area was named Abbey Ruins for the next 200 years or so.

    In 1553 the Lady chapel became a school, the Great Gatehouse a town jail, some other buildings passed to the Crown, and the Abbey Church was sold to the town for £400 in 1553 by King Edward VI to be the church of the parish.

    The cost of upkeep fell upon the town, although in 1596 and at irregular intervals later the Archdeacon was allowed to collect money for repairs by Brief in the diocese. After James I visited in 1612 he authorised another Brief, which collected around £2,000—most of which went on roof repairs. The English Civil War slashed the monies spent on repairs, while the abbey was used to hold prisoners of war and suffered from their vandalism, as well as that of their guards. Most of the metal objects that had survived the Dissolution were also removed and other ornamental parts were damaged in Puritan sternness. Another round of fund-raising in 1681–84 was again spent on the roof, repairing the Presbytery vault. A royal grant from William and Mary in 1689 went on general maintenance, ‘repairs’ to conceal some of the unfashionable Gothic features, and on new internal fittings. There was a second royal grant from William in 1698.
    By the end of the 17th century the dilapidation was sufficient for a number of writers to comment upon it.

    In 1703, from 26 November to 1 December, the Great Storm raged across southern England; the abbey lost the south transept window which was replaced in wood at a cost of £40. The window was clear glass with five lights and three transoms in an early Gothic Revival style by John Hawgood. Other windows, although not damaged in the storm, were a constant drain on the abbey budget in the 18th century.

    A brief in 1723–24, seeking £5,775, notes a great crack in the south wall, that the north wall was eighteen inches from vertical, and that the roof timbers were decayed to the point of danger. The money raised was spent on the nave roof over ten bays.

    Another brief was not issued until 1764. Again the roof was rotting, as was the south transept window, walls were cracked or shattered in part and the south wall had subsided and now leant outwards. Despite a target of £2,500 a mere £600 was raised.
    In the 1770s the abbey came close to demolition; the expense of repairs meant a scheme to destroy the abbey and erect a smaller church almost succeeded.

    A storm in 1797 caused some subsidence, cracking open graves, scattering pavement tiles, flooding the church interior and leaving a few more arches off-vertical.

    19th century

    The Wallingford Screen of c. 1480—the statues are Victorian replacements (1884–89) of the originals, destroyed in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, when the screen itself was also damaged. Statues of St Alban and St Amphibalus stand on either side of the altar.

    This century was marked with a number of repair schemes. The abbey received some money from the 1818 "Million Act", and in 1820 £450 was raised to buy an organ—a second-hand example made in 1670.

    The major efforts to revive the abbey church came under four men—L. N. Cottingham, Rector H. J. B. Nicholson, and, especially, George Gilbert Scott and Edmund Beckett, first Baron Grimthorpe.

    In February 1832 a portion of the clerestory wall fell through the roof of the south aisle, leaving a hole almost thirty feet long. With the need for serious repair work evident the architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham was called in to survey the building. His Survey was presented in 1832 and was worrying reading: everywhere mortar was in a wretched condition and wooden beams were rotting and twisting. Cottingham recommended new beams throughout the roof and a new steeper pitch, removal of the spire and new timbers in the tower, new paving, ironwork to hold the west transept wall up, a new stone south transept window, new buttresses, a new drainage system for the roof, new ironwork on almost all the windows, and on and on. He estimated a cost of £14,000. A public subscription of £4,000 was raised, of which £1,700 vanished in expenses. With the limited funds the clerestory wall was rebuilt, the nave roof re-leaded, the tower spike removed, some forty blocked windows reopened and glazed, and the south window remade in stone.

    Henry Nicholson, rector from 1835 to 1866, was also active in repairing the abbey church—as far as he could, and in uncovering lost or neglected Gothic features.

    In 1856 repair efforts began again; £4,000 was raised and slow moves started to gain the abbey the status of cathedral. George Gilbert Scottwas appointed the project architect and oversaw a number of works from 1860 until his death in 1878.
    Scott began by having the medieval floor restored, necessitating the removal of tons of earth, and fixing the north aisle roof. From 1872–77 the restored floors were re-tiled in matching stone and copies of old tile designs. A further 2,000 tons of earth were shifted in 1863 during work on the foundation and a new drainage system. In 1870 the tower piers were found to be badly weakened with many cracks and cavities. Huge timbers were inserted and the arches filled with brick as an emergency measure. Repair work took until May 1871 and cost over £2,000. The south wall of the nave was now far from straight; Scott reinforced the north wall and put in scaffolding to take the weight of the roof off the wall, then had it jacked straight in under three hours. The wall was then buttressed with five huge new masses and set right. Scott was lauded as "saviour of the Abbey." From 1870–75 around £20,000 was spent on the abbey.
    In 1845 St Albans was transferred from the Diocese of Lincoln to the Diocese of Rochester. Then, in 1875, the Bishopric of St Albans Act was passed and on 30 April 1877 the See of St Albans was created, which comprises about 300 churches in the counties of Hertfordshire and Bedfordshire. The then Bishop of Rochester, the Right Revd Dr Thomas Legh Claughton, elected to take the northern division of his old diocese and on 12 June 1877 was enthroned first Bishop of St Albans, a position he held until 1890. He is buried in the churchyard on the north side of the nave.
    George Gilbert Scott was working on the nave roof, vaulting and west bay when he died on 27 March 1878. His plans were partially completed by his son, John Oldrid Scott, but the remaining work fell into the hands of Lord Grimthorpe, whose efforts have attracted much controversy—Nikolaus Pevsner calling him a "pompous, righteous bully." However, he donated much of the immense sum of £130,000 the work cost.

    Whereas Scott’s work had clearly been in sympathy with the existing building, Grimthorpe’s plans reflected the Victorian ideal. Indeed, he spent considerable time dismissing and criticising the work of Scott and the efforts of his son.
    Grimthorpe first reinstated the original pitch of the roof, although the battlements added for the lower roof were retained. Completed in 1879, the roof was leaded, following on Scott’s desires.

    1805 engraving of the west front of the abbey showing the lost Wheathampstead window.
    His second major project was the most controversial. The west front, with the great Wheathampstead window, was cracked and leaning, and Grimthorpe, never more than an amateur architect, designed the new front himself—attacked as dense, misproportioned and unsympathetic: "His impoverishment as a designer … [is] evident"; "this man, so practical and ingenious, was utterly devoid of taste … his great qualities were marred by arrogance … and a lack of historic sense". Counter proposals were deliberately substituted by Grimthorpe for poorly drawn versions and Grimthorpe’s design was accepted?. During building it was considerably reworked in order to fit the actual frontage and is not improved by the poor quality sculpture. Work began in 1880 and was completed in April 1883, having cost £20,000.

    The Lady Chapel at the east end of the cathedral.
    Grimthorpe was noted for his aversion to the Perpendicular—to the extent that he would have sections he disliked demolished as "too rotten" rather than remade. In his reconstruction, especially of windows, he commonly mixed architectural styles carelessly (see the south aisle, the south choir screen and vaulting). He spent £50,000 remaking the nave. Elsewhere he completely rebuilt the south wall cloisters, with new heavy buttresses, and removed the arcading of the east cloisters during rebuilding the south transept walls. In the south transept he completely remade the south face, completed in 1885, including the huge lancet window group—his proudest achievement—and the flanking turrets; a weighty new tiled roof was also made. In the north transept Grimthorpe had the Perpendicular window demolished and his design inserted—a rose window of circles, cusped circles and lozenges arrayed in five rings around the central light, sixty-four lights in total, each circle with a different glazing pattern.

    Grimthorpe continued through the Presbytery in his own style, adapting the antechapel for Consistory Courts, and into the Lady Chapel. After a pointed lawsuit with Henry Hucks Gibbs, first Baron Aldenham over who should direct the restoration, Grimthorpe had the vault remade and reproportioned in stone, made the floor in black and white marble (1893), and had new Victorian arcading and sculpture put below the canopy work. Externally the buttresses were expanded to support the new roof, and the walls were refaced.
    As early as 1897, Grimthorpe was having to return to previously renovated sections to make repairs. His use of over-strong cement led to cracking, while his fondness for ironwork in windows led to corrosion and damage to the surrounding stone.
    Grimthorpe died in 1905 and was interred in the churchyard. He left a bequest for continuing work on the buildings.

    During this century the name St Albans Abbey was given to one of the town’s railway stations.

    20th century
    John Oldrid Scott (died 1913) (George Gilbert Scott’s son), despite frequent clashes with Grimthorpe, had continued working within the cathedral. Scott was a steadfast supporter of the Gothic revival and designed the tomb of the first bishop; he had a new bishop’s throne built (1903), together with commemorative stalls for Bishop Festing and two Archdeacons, and new choir stalls. He also repositioned and rebuilt the organ (1907). Further work was interrupted by the war.
    A number of memorials to the war were added to the cathedral, notably the painting The Passing of Eleanor by Frank Salisbury (stolen 1973) and the reglazing of the main west window, dedicated in 1925.

    Following the Enabling Act of 1919 control of the buildings passed to a Parochial Church Council (replaced by the Cathedral Council in 1968), who appointed the woodwork specialist John Rogers as Architect and Surveyor of the Fabric. He uncovered extensive death watch beetledamage in the presbytery vault and oversaw the repair (1930–31). He had four tons of rubbish removed from the crossing tower and the main timbers reinforced (1931–32), and invested in the extensive use of insecticide throughout the wood structures. In 1934, the eight bells were overhauled and four new bells added to be used in the celebration of George V’s jubilee.

    Cecil Brown was architect and surveyor from 1939 to 1962. At first he merely oversaw the lowering of the bells for the war and established a fire watch, with the pump in the slype. After the war, in the 1950s, the organ was removed, rebuilt and reinstalled and new pews added. His major work was on the crossing tower. Grimthorpe’s cement was found to be damaging the Roman bricks: every brick in the tower was replaced as needed and reset in proper mortar by one man, Walter Barrett. The tower ceiling was renovated as were the nave murals. Brown established the Muniments Room to gather and hold all the church documents.
    In 1972, to encourage a closer link between celebrant and congregation, the massive nine-ton pulpit along with the choir stalls and permanent pews was dismantled and removed. The altar space was enlarged and improved. New ‘lighter’ wood (limed oak) choir stalls were put in, and chairs replaced the pews. A new wooden pulpit was acquired from a Norfolk church and installed in 1974. External floodlighting was added in 1975.
    A major survey in 1974 revealed new leaks, decay and other deterioration, and a ten-year restoration plan was agreed. Again the roofing required much work. The nave and clerestory roofs were repaired in four stages with new leading. The nave project was completed in 1984 at a total cost of £1.75 million. The clerestory windows were repaired with the corroded iron replaced with delta bronze and other Grimthorpe work on the clerestory was replaced. Seventy-two new heads for the corbel table were made. Grimthorpe’s west front was cracking, again due to the use originally of too strong a mortar, and was repaired.

    A new visitors’ centre was proposed in 1970. Planning permission was sought in 1973; there was a public inquiry and approval was granted in 1977. Constructed to the south side of the cathedral close to the site of the original chapter house of the abbey, the new ‘Chapter House’ cost around £1 million and was officially opened on 8 June 1982 by Queen Elizabeth. The main building material was 500,000 replica Roman bricks.

    Other late 20th-century works include the restoration of Alban’s shrine, with a new embroidered canopy, and the stained glass designed by Alan Younger for Grimthorpe’s north transept rose window, unveiled in 1989 by Diana, Princess of Wales.

    Modern times
    The Bishop is the Right Reverend Alan Smith, installed in September 2009. The Venerable Jonathan Smith is Archdeacon of St Albans, installed in October 2008. On 2 July 2004, the Very Reverend Canon Dr Jeffrey John became the ninth Dean of the Cathedral.

    Robert Runcie, later Archbishop of Canterbury, was bishop of St Albans from 1970 to 1980 and returned to live in the city after his retirement; he is commemorated by a gargoyle on the Cathedral as well as being buried in the graveyard. Colin Slee, former Dean of Southwark Cathedral, was sub-dean at St Albans under Runcie and then Dean, Peter Moore. The bishop’s house is in Abbey Mill Lane, St Albans, as is the house of the Bishop of Hertford. The Reverend Canon Eric James, Chaplain Extraordinary to HM the Queen, was Canon at St Albans for many years.

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans_Cathedral

    Posted by PaChambers on 2015-11-28 19:00:12

    Tagged: , religious , Albans , greater , chapel , abbey , St. Albans , old , St , Anglican , 2015 , religion , town , Christian , ancient , cathedral , London , Hertfordshire , winter , church , europe , travel , square , iphone , canon , apple , iphone6s , iphone6

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  • Chippewa County Courthouse, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States

    Chippewa County Courthouse, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States

    Chippewa County Courthouse, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, United States

    “The Chippewa County Courthouse is a govt developing situated on Court docket Avenue in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan. It was stated on the National Sign-up of Historic Spots in 1984. It is one of the oldest courthouses still in use in Michigan.

    Chippewa County was break up off from Michilimackinaw County (formed from the entire Upper Peninsula and component of the reduced) in 1826. Sault Ste. Marie was preferred as the county seat. The Chippewa County Courthouse was crafted in 1877 for $20,000, using a design and style by Detroit architect William Scott and his son John. In 1904, a rear addition costing $25,000, developed by R. C. Sweat, was added to the composition. A next addition was made in close to 1930.

    In the 1980, the courthouse was completely renovated. Paint was stripped off woodwork, new doorways and windows had been set up, and the facial area of the tower clock was restored.

    The Chippewa County Courthouse is a a few-tale Next Empire constructed of cut stone. The original courthouse was a rectangular strategy the 1904 addition built the complete framework into a T-approach. The Second Empire architectural design and style is consistent between the authentic courthouse and the later on additions. The stone walls are two ft (.61 m) thick, and the creating attributes a contrasting, crimson-colored stone in beltcourses, quoins, lintels, and entryways. The center entrance is established in a a bit projecting pavilion topped with a pediment. Windows on the initial floor have a segmented arch, whilst second-tale windows are elliptically arched. The two the most important construction and the clock tower are topped with a mansard roof the roof was initially lined with slate but is now protected with asphalt shingles. Round home windows were being extra to the mansard roof in 1904.

    Within, unique stamped tin ceilings are nonetheless put in. Pillars inside of the courtroom have ornate solid iron capitals, and the radiators are coated with grillwork.

    Sault Ste. Marie (/ˌsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ SOO-seint-ma-REE) is the only metropolis in, and county seat of, Chippewa County in the U.S. point out of Michigan. With a inhabitants of 14,144 at the 2010 census, it is the next-most populated city in the Higher Peninsula after Marquette. It is the central metropolis of the Sault Ste. Marie, MI Micropolitan Statistical Space, which encompasses all of Chippewa County and experienced a population of 38,520 at the 2010 census.

    Sault Ste. Marie was settled as early as 1668, which helps make it Michigan’s oldest town and among the oldest cities in the United States. Located at the northeastern edge of the Higher Peninsula, it is divided by the St. Marys River from the significantly-much larger city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The two are linked by the Sault Ste. Marie Worldwide Bridge, which represents the northern terminus of Interstate 75. This portion of the river also is made up of the Soo Locks, as nicely as a swinging railroad bridge. The metropolis is also home to Lake Excellent Point out University.

    For hundreds of years Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native Us residents had lived in the area, which they referred to as Baawitigong (“at the cascading rapids”), following the rapids of St. Marys River. French colonists renamed the region Saulteaux (“rapids” in French).

    In 1668, French missionaries Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette started a Jesuit mission at this web site. Sault Ste. Marie designed as the fourth-oldest European town in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, and the oldest everlasting settlement in up to date Michigan point out. On June 4, 1671, Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson, a colonial agent, was dispatched from Quebec to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of St. Mary amongst Lake Huron and Lake Outstanding. Trader Nicolas Perrot aided appeal to the principal chiefs, and reps of 14 Indigenous nations were invited for the elaborate ceremony. The French officers proclaimed France’s appropriation of the huge territory encompassing Lake Outstanding in the title of King Louis XIV.

    In the 18th century, the settlement turned an essential center of the fur trade, when it was a article for the British-owned North West Corporation, based in Montreal. The fur trader John Johnston, a Scots-Irish immigrant from Belfast, was considered the 1st European settler in 1790. He married a higher-rating Ojibwe woman named Ozhaguscodaywayquay, the daughter of a prominent main, Waubojeeg. She also turned acknowledged as Susan Johnston. Their relationship was just one of many alliances in the northern spots in between higher-ranking European traders and Ojibwe. The household was distinguished between Native Individuals, Initial Nations, and Europeans from both equally Canada and the United States. They had 8 small children who uncovered fluent Ojibwe, English and French. The Johnstons entertained a wide variety of trappers, explorers, traders, and authorities officials, in particular all through the yrs prior to the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States.

    For more than 140 decades, the settlement was a single group less than French colonial, and later on, British colonial rule. Right after the War of 1812, a US–UK Joint Boundary Fee lastly set the border in 1817 concerning the Michigan Territory of the US and the British Province of Upper Canada to observe the river in this space. While traders had previously moved freely through the full spot, the United States forbade Canadian traders from operating in the United States, which diminished their trade and disrupted the area’s financial state. The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste. Marie have been just about every integrated as unbiased municipalities towards the finish of the 19th century.

    As a end result of the fur trade, the settlement captivated Ojibwe and Ottawa, Métis, and ethnic Europeans of various nationalities. It was a two-tiered society, with fur traders (who had cash) and their households and higher-course Ojibwe in the upper echelon. In the aftermath of the War of 1812, on the other hand, the community’s modern society altered markedly.

    The U.S. created Fort Brady near the settlement, introducing new troops and settlers, generally Anglo-American. The British isles and the US settled on a new northern boundary in 1817, dividing the US and Canada along St. Mary’s River. The US prohibited British fur traders from operating in the United States. Soon after completion of the Erie Canal in New York State in 1825 (expanded in 1832), the amount of settlers migrating to Ohio and Michigan elevated dramatically from New York and New England, bringing with them the Yankee society of the Northern Tier. Their quantities overwhelmed the cosmopolitan lifestyle of the previously settlers. They practiced much more discrimination in opposition to Native People in america and Métis.

    The falls proved a choke position for shipping in between the Wonderful Lakes. Early ships traveling to and from Lake Remarkable had been portaged all-around the rapids in a prolonged process (significantly like relocating a house) that could acquire weeks. Later on, only the cargoes were being unloaded, hauled all over the rapids, and then loaded onto other ships waiting beneath the rapids. The initially American lock, the Point out Lock, was built in 1855 it was instrumental in increasing transport. The lock has been expanded and enhanced about the a long time.

    In 1900, Northwestern Leather-based Business opened a tannery in Sault Ste. Marie. The tannery was launched to process leather-based for the upper sections of sneakers, which was finer than that for soles. Following the factory shut in 1958, the property was bought to Filborn Limestone, a subsidiary of Algoma Metal Corporation.

    In March 1938 all through the Great Melancholy, Sophia Nolte Pullar bequeathed $70,000 for design of the Pullar Neighborhood Building, which opened in 1939. This constructing held an indoor ice rink composed of artificial ice, then a innovative strategy. The ice rink is nonetheless owned by the city.” – info from Wikipedia.

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    Posted by Billy Wilson Images on 2022-05-01 02:09:44

    Tagged: , Architecture , Buildings , Historic , Residences , Aged , Sault , Sault Ste. Marie , Soo , Michigan , United States , America , City

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  • The Cleveland Police Station and Court House (Redland Bay, South East Queensland)

    The Cleveland Police Station and Court House (Redland Bay, South East Queensland)

    The Cleveland Police Station and Court House (Redland Bay, South East Queensland)

    The former Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse, created 1934-35, is located at the corner of Passage and North Streets. The setting up is the 2nd purpose crafted police station and courthouse on the site. It replaced an before building created in 1879 that also executed each features.

    Governor Fitzroy authorised a town survey of the spot in 1850, and shortly immediately after proclamation, the 1st land sale took place in 1851. At the time of the sale, Ipswich was nonetheless a robust contender for the capital of Queensland and there was strong rivalry among Cleveland (promoted by Ipswich passions, supported in switch by the Darling Downs squatters) and Brisbane, as to which would become the port to serve the north.

    The very first law enforcement station and lock-up in Cleveland, pursuing Separation from New South Wales in 1859, was situated in a making in Paxton Avenue rented from Frances Bigge. This constructing survives as the Aged Courthouse Cafe. By the mid-1860s around 100 people were being dwelling in the city and government solutions began to be needed. The Cleveland Police District was fashioned by 1865 and managed a sergeant and a constable. By the mid-1870s this developing was continue to used for police uses, whilst it was getting apparent that a new constructing was needed.

    Following the announcement of a reserve in 1874 options were being drawn up by the Workplace of the Colonial Architect in 1875. Structure approval was given to the drawings on 30 August 1875, on the other hand, the constructing was not made. In July 1879 the Police Commissioner wrote to the Colonial Secretary commenting on the unsatisfactory ailment of the police station. By the finish of the 12 months function experienced begun on the developing and was finished in 1880 at a expense of £436. Besides the hold off in development, the courthouse was also designed on a various website to the a person reserved in 1874. The spot of land on the corner of Shore and Passage Streets was proclaimed on 23 January 1884, by which time the police station and courthouse experienced been constructed. This spot was ‘in lieu of that reserved on the 25th September 1874’. The primary reserve, identified as the ‘Paddock’ was subdivided and auctioned as allotments on 26 October 1889.

    A described governing administration precinct experienced been founded which include the police station and courthouse. When the railway was produced from Brisbane to Cleveland in the late 1880s, the survey of the line adopted the alignment of Shore Street for some length, just before terminating diagonally reverse the law enforcement station exactly where the Cleveland Station was produced. The line was afterwards prolonged to Cleveland Level, and this station was renamed Cleveland West. By the change of the century the population of Cleveland experienced grown to more than 500.

    The initially purpose-constructed police station and courthouse served the regional group for over 50 years, having said that, by the early 1930s there had been phone calls to change the building as it was exhibiting its age. Ideas were prepared for a new police station and courthouse by WJ Ewart in November 1934. The new law enforcement station and courthouse expense pretty much £1500 and was explained in an Yearly Report for 1934-35:

    This…new building is of timber design and has a corrugated fibrolite roof. In addition to the courtroom and business with veranda to similar, the lodging is made up of 3 bedrooms, corridor, dwelling room, kitchen area, pantry, lavatory and sleepout veranda, jointly with a veranda on front and back, the again verandah being enclosed to present dining accommodation. A detached washhouse has also been furnished, but the existing cell constructing, stables, earth closets, and so on, from the old creating have been reused.

    The original ground strategy dated 30 November 1934 geared up by the Authorities Architect’s Business office demonstrates a one tale timber building comprising community waiting area, courtroom room, and an workplace to the rear, open up verandahs on the northern, western and eastern elevations and an enclosed verandah on the southern elevation. The previous Cleveland Police Station and Courthouse is an illustration of one of a amount of court dwelling forms produced by the Federal government Architect for use all over nation Queensland and in suburban parts.

    The Cleveland Courthouse was a reason-developed making, reflecting the believed degree of use, accommodating the individual wants of the nearby local community, sited to represent a solid civic existence to that portion of the town. A motel now occupies the put up and telegraph office site to the south-east, however, there is apparent evidence in the park reserve, in the experienced tree planting and the war memorial, of the early function of this place as an crucial civic precinct.

    The making has strongly outlined ‘private’ and ‘public’ sections. The original flooring system states ‘plan to be reversed’. The reversal of the prepare resulted in the public aspect of the making prominently facing the corner of Passage and North Streets, lending more privateness to the domestic facet of the making. Initially the verandah on the jap facet was open up with a lattice display screen, the verandah opened to the general public house in the court area. This verandah was enclosed as early as 1939 thanks to the entry of the weather conditions from that route and alterations and extensions have continued considering the fact that that time. The flèche has also been taken out.

    In 1963, there had been options to lengthen the original developing as very well as a proposed new cell block. Early outbuildings have been altered and afterwards demolished to offer house for more lodging. By 1968, the building of a new courthouse toward Center Road was proposed. An existing motor vehicle port was demolished to supply room for the developing. For the duration of these renovations, the timber measures together the jap elevation were being also taken out and replaced with concrete.

    Additional operate was undertaken in early 1973. Bathrooms were being put in in the residence and the brick cell block was built, changing the earlier picket cells. Earth closets ended up also removed at this time. Solitary men’s quarters have been even now extant at the southern conclusion of the internet site. In the 1970s demountable properties had been added to the law enforcement reserve which was at first developed to accommodate five police. By 1982, the early building was further tailored to accommodate the CIB.

    By 1998 the developing accommodated almost 50 staff at different situations. New premises were being made and team moved out of the developing in December 1998.

    Supply: Queensland Heritage Sign-up.

    Posted by Buddy Patrick on 2018-05-17 14:00:00

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