Tag: Hellenic

Amphitheatre
Almost certainly dates from the 2nd century Advertisement and is imagined to have been constructed in the same internet site as the before Hellenistic one. Only the upper rows of the auditorium are lacking, acquiring been utilized as development content for the northern wall of the acropolis. The phase making is continue to partially standing and was as soon as of two storeys and decorated with columns.

Site
Xanthos is not much from Patara and a vacation to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could simply be mixed with a vacation to the beach and/or ruins there. It is positioned in close proximity to the village of Kınık on a hillside in a attractive purely natural website overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation a single receives a supreme see of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the breathtaking Taurus Mountains. It is uncomplicated to obtain by motor vehicle, just off the main highway and very well-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is rather attractive, primarily in spring.

whc.unesco.org/en/list/484
Superb Universal Worth
Short synthesis
Created up of two neighboring settlements situated in the southwestern part of Anatolia, respectively inside the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a extraordinary archaeological complex. It represents the most exclusive extant architectural instance of the historical Lycian Civilization, which was a person of the most vital cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two web pages strikingly illustrate the continuity and exclusive blend of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most vital texts in Lycian language were being discovered. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on substantial stone pillars on the site are important for a much better being familiar with of the historical past of the Lycian men and women and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the funds of historic Lycia, illustrates the mixing of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic affect, specially in its funerary art. The rock-slash tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are exclusive examples of historical funerary architecture. Their value was previously regarded in Antiquity and they motivated the artwork of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for instance right affected by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The truth that some architectural and sculptural items of the web sites were taken to England in the 19th century, like the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their word-extensive recognition, and therefore the Xanthos marbles grew to become an important component of the historical past of historic artwork and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the 1st monumental zone includes the previous Lycian Acropolis, which was transformed throughout the Hellenistic and Byzantine intervals. At that time, a church was crafted at the northeast corner, whilst an superior defensive construction fortified the western aspect of the citadel alongside the river. Specifically north of the Acropolis stands a incredibly lovely theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This region also characteristics great Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are characteristic of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and rise up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a next, extra complex archaeological zone that extends between the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The reduced element of the city, which features the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was positioned in this element of the web-site.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult middle of Xanthos, the historical federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Towns. As lots of inscriptions uncovered at the web site exhibit, the federal sanctuary was the spot where by all religious and political selections of the ruling powers had been declared to the public. The well-known trilingual inscription, courting back again to 337 B.C., capabilities a textual content inLycian and Greek as nicely as an Aramaic summary and was discovered close to the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, a few temples are focused to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the web site features the ruins of a nymphaeum dating again to Hadrian, constructed on a water supply that was thought of sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon directly motivated the architecture of the principal historic towns of Lycia this kind of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as very well as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was rated as one particular of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient Entire world, is specifically influenced by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears outstanding testimony to the Lycian civilization, each via the a lot of inscriptions discovered at the two internet sites and via the exceptional funerary monuments preserved within just the property. The longest and most vital texts in the Lycian language were observed in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which had been carved in rock or on huge monoliths, are considered remarkable evidence of this special and lengthy-overlooked Indo-European language. The rock artwork tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi stand for a novel style of funerary architecture. The rich collection of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon permit us to absolutely understand the successive acculturation phenomena that took area in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed assets features all the needed characteristics, mainly initial monuments and archaeological continues to be, which convey its Remarkable Common Price. All factors stay mostly intact and are not impacted by the unfavorable effects of tourism or present day settlements.
Now, the only issue threatening the integrity of the residence is the paved road that has crossed the antique town for numerous decades. Inside of the framework of the revised Conservation Legislation put into power in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage determined to shut this highway in 2010. In addition, wire fence was employed to encompass the place. On the other hand, as these actions could not be applied efficiently, more action is required to assure that the integrity of the house is no lengthier impacted. These contain the rerouting of the road according to recommendations designed in the Conservation Prepare.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its options, mostly owing to the property’s length from any fashionable settlement.
The monuments uncovered during archaeological excavations have long gone by way of crucial restoration and conservations will work, which have not impacted their authenticity in terms of design and format. The most essential challenge was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its initial environment amongst 2000 and 2007. The architectural pieces that belonged to the temple of Leto, which ended up uncovered in the course of excavations carried out because 1950s, enabled the effective completion of this undertaking. Some significant restoration, conservation and consolidation operates were being also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Security and management necessities
The Antique City of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st diploma archaeological web site and is topic to National Conservation Legislation. The inscribed home is also in just the boundaries of “Environment Defense Zone”, underneath the duty of the Ministry of Atmosphere and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Distinctive Environmental Safety Company permitted the conservation system for Xantos in 2001 and the relevant Regional Conservation Council accepted the Conservation Prepare for Letoon in 2006. Both equally planning resources have been implemented and involve systematic checking and critique to make sure their effectiveness for the administration of the assets.
The monuments and archaeological continues to be within just the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal growing of the ground h2o table. Mitigation efforts had been designed in 2006 with the construction of water channels to reduce the level of drinking water through excavation will work. Another concern for Letoon is the visual air pollution established by several greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the site. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved road reducing by the website needs more actions to be entirely addressed.
The Ministry of Lifestyle and Tourism has started out will work for the preparation of a Landscaping Job for Xanthos and Letoon that will deal with the difficulties of the home, together with environmental management and the preservation of the monuments. Within the framework of this venture, the web page of Letoon will be outfitted with recreation and promenade parts. This job will also handle issues of customer administration, produce consciousness-elevating policies, and intention to actively involve the two the nearby communities and the website visitors.

www.britannica.com/location/Xanthus

Heritage
The record of Xanthos is very a violent – the Xanthosians 2 times shown the intense independence of the Lycian men and women when they chose to commit mass suicide fairly than post to invading forces. The Xanthosian males set fireplace to their women of all ages, small children, slaves and treasure on the acropolis before creating their ultimate doomed assault upon the invading Persians. Xanthos was later on repopulated but the similar grotesque story recurring itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the city through the Roman civil wars in buy to recruit troops and increase funds. Brutus was stunned by the Lycians’ suicide and offered his troopers a reward for each and every Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens ended up rescued.
We created our homes graves
And our graves are homes to us
Our houses burned down
And our graves ended up looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We had been drenched in h2o
They came and obtained us
They burned and ruined us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our mothers,
Our gals,
And for the sake of our dead,
And we,
In the name of our honor,
And our liberty,
We, the individuals of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We left a hearth behind us,
By no means to die out…
Poem found on a pill in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat

Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:41

Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , historic , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historic , Historical past , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”

#home furniture #Do-it-yourself #woodwork #woodworking #freedownload#woodworkingprojects #woodsmith ,wooden craft, wooden planer, great woodworking, picket chairs, wooden working resources, well known woodworking, woodworking publications, woodworking workbench ideas

Place
Xanthos is not considerably from Patara and a vacation to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could simply be combined with a vacation to the beach front and/or ruins there. It is positioned near the village of Kınık on a hillside in a lovely purely natural web page overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation one particular gets a supreme check out of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the breathtaking Taurus Mountains. It is uncomplicated to uncover by motor vehicle, just off the major freeway and effectively-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is really gorgeous, in particular in spring.

whc.unesco.org/en/list/484
Remarkable Universal Value
Short synthesis
Created up of two neighboring settlements situated in the southwestern portion of Anatolia, respectively inside the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a impressive archaeological elaborate. It represents the most one of a kind extant architectural example of the historical Lycian Civilization, which was one of the most critical cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two websites strikingly illustrate the continuity and exclusive mix of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most essential texts in Lycian language ended up located. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on huge stone pillars on the site are essential for a greater understanding of the record of the Lycian men and women and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the money of historical Lycia, illustrates the blending of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic affect, specifically in its funerary artwork. The rock-cut tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are unique examples of ancient funerary architecture. Their value was already identified in Antiquity and they influenced the art of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for instance immediately motivated by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The simple fact that some architectural and sculptural items of the websites were taken to England in the 19th century, which includes the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their term-broad recognition, and consequently the Xanthos marbles became an important part of the history of ancient art and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the 1st monumental zone features the outdated Lycian Acropolis, which was reworked throughout the Hellenistic and Byzantine durations. At that time, a church was constructed at the northeast corner, when an superior defensive structure fortified the western aspect of the citadel alongside the river. Right north of the Acropolis stands a pretty gorgeous theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This space also functions terrific Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are characteristic of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and increase up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a second, additional complicated archaeological zone that extends among the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The lessen aspect of the town, which consists of the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine churches, was found in this section of the website.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult heart of Xanthos, the ancient federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Towns. As numerous inscriptions located at the web-site exhibit, the federal sanctuary was the position exactly where all spiritual and political choices of the ruling powers had been declared to the general public. The famous trilingual inscription, dating back to 337 B.C., capabilities a textual content inLycian and Greek as properly as an Aramaic summary and was uncovered in close proximity to the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, a few temples are focused to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the web site incorporates the ruins of a nymphaeum courting back again to Hadrian, created on a drinking water source that was regarded sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon right influenced the architecture of the principal historic towns of Lycia these kinds of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as nicely as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was ranked as one particular of the 7 Miracles of the Historic Planet, is straight affected by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears remarkable testimony to the Lycian civilization, both of those via the lots of inscriptions found at the two web sites and via the remarkable funerary monuments preserved inside of the house. The longest and most significant texts in the Lycian language ended up discovered in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which have been carved in rock or on large monoliths, are regarded as outstanding proof of this exceptional and extended-neglected Indo-European language. The rock artwork tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi depict a novel type of funerary architecture. The loaded collection of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon help us to completely recognize the successive acculturation phenomena that took spot in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed residence features all the important attributes, predominantly initial monuments and archaeological stays, which convey its Exceptional Common Price. All parts continue to be mainly intact and are not affected by the unfavorable consequences of tourism or present day settlements.
Now, the only variable threatening the integrity of the residence is the paved highway that has crossed the antique metropolis for several years. Inside of the framework of the revised Conservation Legislation place into drive in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage decided to near this highway in 2010. In addition, wire fence was employed to encompass the region. Even so, as these steps could not be implemented efficiently, even further action is necessary to make certain that the integrity of the residence is no lengthier impacted. These include things like the rerouting of the highway according to strategies created in the Conservation Plan.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its capabilities, mostly due to the property’s length from any fashionable settlement.
The monuments revealed all through archaeological excavations have absent through vital restoration and conservations will work, which have not impacted their authenticity in phrases of style and format. The most critical task was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its authentic environment between 2000 and 2007. The architectural pieces that belonged to the temple of Leto, which were being uncovered during excavations carried out since 1950s, enabled the successful completion of this venture. Some important restoration, conservation and consolidation functions were also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Safety and management demands
The Antique Metropolis of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st diploma archaeological web site and is subject matter to Nationwide Conservation Laws. The inscribed assets is also in the boundaries of “Environment Protection Zone”, underneath the accountability of the Ministry of Ecosystem and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Specific Environmental Security Agency authorised the conservation approach for Xantos in 2001 and the relevant Regional Conservation Council authorized the Conservation Strategy for Letoon in 2006. Both of those planning tools have been carried out and call for systematic checking and assessment to assure their effectiveness for the administration of the property.
The monuments and archaeological stays within the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal increasing of the ground drinking water desk. Mitigation attempts ended up manufactured in 2006 with the design of water channels to reduce the stage of h2o through excavation operates. Another difficulty for Letoon is the visible air pollution designed by many greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the web-site. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved road cutting by way of the web-site involves supplemental steps to be absolutely resolved.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has started operates for the preparation of a Landscaping Undertaking for Xanthos and Letoon that will tackle the problems of the house, which includes environmental regulate and the preservation of the monuments. In just the framework of this project, the web page of Letoon will be equipped with recreation and promenade spots. This project will also deal with issues of customer administration, build awareness-increasing insurance policies, and purpose to actively entail each the neighborhood communities and the visitors.

www.britannica.com/put/Xanthus

Historical past
The background of Xanthos is really a violent – the Xanthosians 2 times shown the fierce independence of the Lycian individuals when they chose to dedicate mass suicide alternatively than post to invading forces. The Xanthosian adult men established fire to their girls, small children, slaves and treasure on the acropolis right before creating their ultimate doomed attack upon the invading Persians. Xanthos was later repopulated but the similar ugly story repeated by itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the city all through the Roman civil wars in purchase to recruit troops and raise income. Brutus was stunned by the Lycians’ suicide and presented his soldiers a reward for every Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens were rescued.
We created our properties graves
And our graves are residences to us
Our houses burned down
And our graves were looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We ended up drenched in drinking water
They came and received us
They burned and destroyed us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our moms,
Our women,
And for the sake of our useless,
And we,
In the name of our honor,
And our flexibility,
We, the persons of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We still left a fireplace behind us,
In no way to die out…
Poem located on a pill in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat

Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:43

Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , historical , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historic , Heritage , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”

#furniture #Diy #woodwork #woodworking #freedownload#woodworkingprojects #woodsmith ,wood craft, wood planer, fantastic woodworking, wooden chairs, wood operating tools, popular woodworking, woodworking guides, woodworking workbench strategies

Place
Xanthos is not significantly from Patara and a trip to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could conveniently be mixed with a trip to the seashore and/or ruins there. It is located in the vicinity of the village of Kınık on a hillside in a lovely purely natural site overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation 1 receives a supreme see of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the magnificent Taurus Mountains. It is quick to locate by vehicle, just off the most important highway and well-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is quite lovely, especially in spring.

whc.unesco.org/en/listing/484
Fantastic Common Benefit
Temporary synthesis
Made up of two neighboring settlements positioned in the southwestern aspect of Anatolia, respectively within just the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a remarkable archaeological complex. It signifies the most exclusive extant architectural illustration of the ancient Lycian Civilization, which was a single of the most essential cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two web pages strikingly illustrate the continuity and special combination of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most critical texts in Lycian language have been identified. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on massive stone pillars on the website are very important for a far better being familiar with of the historical past of the Lycian folks and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the capital of historical Lycia, illustrates the mixing of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic influence, specially in its funerary artwork. The rock-slash tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are special examples of historical funerary architecture. Their worth was by now identified in Antiquity and they influenced the artwork of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for instance immediately motivated by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The truth that some architectural and sculptural parts of the web sites have been taken to England in the 19th century, together with the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their term-huge recognition, and for that reason the Xanthos marbles became an essential aspect of the record of ancient artwork and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the initial monumental zone incorporates the old Lycian Acropolis, which was remodeled for the duration of the Hellenistic and Byzantine durations. At that time, a church was developed at the northeast corner, though an sophisticated defensive framework fortified the western side of the citadel alongside the river. Instantly north of the Acropolis stands a incredibly beautiful theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This region also attributes good Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are attribute of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and rise up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a 2nd, a lot more complex archaeological zone that extends involving the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The lessen part of the city, which features the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was located in this element of the web-site.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult heart of Xanthos, the historical federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Cities. As a lot of inscriptions uncovered at the website demonstrate, the federal sanctuary was the put where by all spiritual and political conclusions of the ruling powers ended up declared to the general public. The well-known trilingual inscription, relationship back again to 337 B.C., features a textual content inLycian and Greek as properly as an Aramaic summary and was found out close to the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, three temples are devoted to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the web page involves the ruins of a nymphaeum relationship back again to Hadrian, crafted on a drinking water resource that was viewed as sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon specifically influenced the architecture of the principal ancient metropolitan areas of Lycia this kind of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as properly as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was ranked as one of the Seven Miracles of the Historical Environment, is instantly affected by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears remarkable testimony to the Lycian civilization, each as a result of the many inscriptions observed at the two internet sites and by the amazing funerary monuments preserved within just the assets. The longest and most essential texts in the Lycian language had been found in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which were being carved in rock or on massive monoliths, are regarded outstanding evidence of this exceptional and very long-neglected Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi signify a novel sort of funerary architecture. The prosperous collection of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon allow us to thoroughly comprehend the successive acculturation phenomena that took spot in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed property involves all the needed attributes, largely unique monuments and archaeological stays, which express its Remarkable Universal Value. All parts continue to be mostly intact and are not afflicted by the unfavorable results of tourism or contemporary settlements.
These days, the only component threatening the integrity of the house is the paved road that has crossed the antique town for several a long time. Within the framework of the revised Conservation Laws put into drive in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage made the decision to near this road in 2010. In addition, wire fence was made use of to surround the location. Nevertheless, as these steps could not be implemented effectively, additional action is required to ensure that the integrity of the assets is no more time impacted. These include things like the rerouting of the highway according to ideas created in the Conservation Strategy.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its characteristics, mainly because of to the property’s distance from any contemporary settlement.
The monuments discovered during archaeological excavations have gone as a result of crucial restoration and conservations performs, which have not impacted their authenticity in phrases of style and design and layout. The most significant job was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its unique environment among 2000 and 2007. The architectural pieces that belonged to the temple of Leto, which ended up observed through excavations carried out because 1950s, enabled the thriving completion of this challenge. Some crucial restoration, conservation and consolidation performs were also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Protection and management prerequisites
The Antique City of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st diploma archaeological web-site and is topic to Nationwide Conservation Legislation. The inscribed property is also in just the boundaries of “Environment Protection Zone”, underneath the obligation of the Ministry of Setting and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Distinctive Environmental Safety Agency authorised the conservation approach for Xantos in 2001 and the linked Regional Conservation Council authorized the Conservation Approach for Letoon in 2006. The two organizing tools have been applied and call for systematic monitoring and assessment to make sure their efficiency for the management of the home.
The monuments and archaeological stays inside the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal soaring of the floor drinking water desk. Mitigation initiatives have been designed in 2006 with the design of water channels to reduce the amount of h2o through excavation will work. An additional difficulty for Letoon is the visible air pollution established by several greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the internet site. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved street slicing via the web page calls for additional measures to be thoroughly addressed.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has began is effective for the preparing of a Landscaping Job for Xanthos and Letoon that will address the problems of the residence, together with environmental manage and the preservation of the monuments. Inside the framework of this task, the web-site of Letoon will be equipped with recreation and promenade locations. This venture will also deal with inquiries of visitor administration, create consciousness-elevating insurance policies, and aim to actively entail both of those the area communities and the visitors.

www.britannica.com/put/Xanthus

Background
The historical past of Xanthos is really a violent – the Xanthosians 2 times shown the fierce independence of the Lycian individuals when they selected to dedicate mass suicide instead than submit to invading forces. The Xanthosian gentlemen set fireplace to their girls, youngsters, slaves and treasure on the acropolis before building their ultimate doomed assault on the invading Persians. Xanthos was later repopulated but the similar grotesque story recurring by itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the town all through the Roman civil wars in order to recruit troops and elevate income. Brutus was stunned by the Lycians’ suicide and provided his soldiers a reward for each individual Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens were rescued.
We built our residences graves
And our graves are houses to us
Our homes burned down
And our graves were looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We were being drenched in drinking water
They came and got us
They burned and ruined us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our moms,
Our ladies,
And for the sake of our dead,
And we,
In the identify of our honor,
And our freedom,
We, the people today of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We still left a hearth powering us,
Hardly ever to die out…
Poem observed on a pill in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat

Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:48

Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , historic , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historical , Heritage , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”

#furnishings #Do it yourself #woodwork #woodworking #freedownload#woodworkingprojects #woodsmith ,wood craft, wooden planer, fine woodworking, wooden chairs, wooden working applications, well known woodworking, woodworking publications, woodworking workbench options

Locale
Xanthos is not significantly from Patara and a journey to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could simply be mixed with a trip to the seaside and/or ruins there. It is situated in close proximity to the village of Kınık on a hillside in a lovely all-natural web page overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation just one gets a supreme perspective of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the impressive Taurus Mountains. It is quick to come across by automobile, just off the most important highway and well-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is fairly stunning, specially in spring.

whc.unesco.org/en/list/484
Fantastic Common Worth
Transient synthesis
Made up of two neighboring settlements positioned in the southwestern aspect of Anatolia, respectively inside of the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a extraordinary archaeological intricate. It signifies the most exceptional extant architectural illustration of the historical Lycian Civilization, which was 1 of the most essential cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two sites strikingly illustrate the continuity and distinctive combination of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most crucial texts in Lycian language were being observed. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on substantial stone pillars on the internet site are critical for a far better being familiar with of the heritage of the Lycian people today and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the funds of historical Lycia, illustrates the blending of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic influence, especially in its funerary artwork. The rock-slice tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are one of a kind examples of historical funerary architecture. Their benefit was by now acknowledged in Antiquity and they influenced the artwork of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for occasion straight affected by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The truth that some architectural and sculptural items of the web-sites ended up taken to England in the 19th century, like the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their word-wide recognition, and consequently the Xanthos marbles grew to become an significant section of the record of historical art and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the first monumental zone involves the outdated Lycian Acropolis, which was transformed throughout the Hellenistic and Byzantine intervals. At that time, a church was built at the northeast corner, when an highly developed defensive framework fortified the western aspect of the citadel together the river. Right north of the Acropolis stands a really wonderful theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This spot also attributes excellent Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are attribute of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and increase up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a 2nd, extra sophisticated archaeological zone that extends concerning the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The decreased aspect of the town, which consists of the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was found in this part of the site.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult centre of Xanthos, the historic federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Metropolitan areas. As lots of inscriptions discovered at the site reveal, the federal sanctuary was the put where by all spiritual and political conclusions of the ruling powers have been declared to the community. The famous trilingual inscription, relationship back again to 337 B.C., functions a textual content inLycian and Greek as effectively as an Aramaic summary and was found out in the vicinity of the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, a few temples are devoted to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the internet site contains the ruins of a nymphaeum courting again to Hadrian, built on a drinking water supply that was thought of sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon instantly influenced the architecture of the principal historical metropolitan areas of Lycia this kind of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as perfectly as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was ranked as a single of the Seven Miracles of the Historical Planet, is specifically influenced by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears fantastic testimony to the Lycian civilization, both as a result of the quite a few inscriptions discovered at the two web sites and by means of the remarkable funerary monuments preserved in the residence. The longest and most important texts in the Lycian language had been uncovered in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which ended up carved in rock or on huge monoliths, are viewed as fantastic proof of this one of a kind and prolonged-forgotten Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi symbolize a novel sort of funerary architecture. The prosperous series of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon help us to totally realize the successive acculturation phenomena that took position in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed house features all the necessary characteristics, mostly authentic monuments and archaeological stays, which express its Outstanding Universal Price. All elements continue being largely intact and are not afflicted by the negative consequences of tourism or present day settlements.
Now, the only aspect threatening the integrity of the home is the paved highway that has crossed the antique metropolis for several years. In the framework of the revised Conservation Laws place into force in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage determined to close this road in 2010. In addition, wire fence was applied to surround the spot. Having said that, as these steps could not be carried out efficiently, further motion is necessary to make certain that the integrity of the assets is no lengthier impacted. These consist of the rerouting of the highway according to suggestions created in the Conservation Plan.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its attributes, mostly thanks to the property’s distance from any contemporary settlement.
The monuments exposed in the course of archaeological excavations have gone by means of important restoration and conservations operates, which have not impacted their authenticity in terms of style and format. The most critical project was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its initial environment in between 2000 and 2007. The architectural pieces that belonged to the temple of Leto, which had been identified for the duration of excavations carried out considering the fact that 1950s, enabled the effective completion of this venture. Some important restoration, conservation and consolidation operates ended up also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Protection and administration requirements
The Antique City of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st degree archaeological internet site and is subject to Nationwide Conservation Laws. The inscribed residence is also inside the boundaries of “Environment Defense Zone”, beneath the responsibility of the Ministry of Setting and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Particular Environmental Safety Agency authorized the conservation plan for Xantos in 2001 and the connected Regional Conservation Council permitted the Conservation Program for Letoon in 2006. Equally scheduling resources have been carried out and demand systematic checking and overview to ensure their efficiency for the management of the house.
The monuments and archaeological stays in just the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal rising of the ground water table. Mitigation attempts have been manufactured in 2006 with the building of h2o channels to lessen the amount of water during excavation will work. Yet another situation for Letoon is the visual pollution designed by quite a few greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the web page. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved road chopping by means of the website requires further measures to be entirely dealt with.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has begun performs for the preparation of a Landscaping Undertaking for Xanthos and Letoon that will tackle the challenges of the property, which includes environmental regulate and the preservation of the monuments. In just the framework of this undertaking, the web-site of Letoon will be outfitted with recreation and promenade places. This job will also deal with issues of customer management, build awareness-raising policies, and goal to actively contain both the local communities and the guests.

www.britannica.com/put/Xanthus

Background
The historical past of Xanthos is quite a violent – the Xanthosians 2 times demonstrated the intense independence of the Lycian people today when they chose to commit mass suicide instead than submit to invading forces. The Xanthosian adult males set fireplace to their women of all ages, little ones, slaves and treasure on the acropolis just before producing their last doomed assault upon the invading Persians. Xanthos was later repopulated but the identical grotesque story recurring itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the city for the duration of the Roman civil wars in buy to recruit troops and raise money. Brutus was shocked by the Lycians’ suicide and offered his soldiers a reward for each Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens had been rescued.
We made our properties graves
And our graves are households to us
Our homes burned down
And our graves ended up looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We were drenched in h2o
They came and received us
They burned and ruined us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our moms,
Our women,
And for the sake of our lifeless,
And we,
In the title of our honor,
And our liberty,
We, the people of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We remaining a hearth driving us,
Never to die out…
Poem discovered on a pill in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat

Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:44

Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , historical , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historic , History , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”

#home furnishings #Diy #woodwork #woodworking #freedownload#woodworkingprojects #woodsmith ,wood craft, wood planer, good woodworking, wood chairs, wood performing resources, well-liked woodworking, woodworking books, woodworking workbench programs

Roman-Byzantine Avenue
Not long ago excavated road, once lined with shops on equally sides and almost certainly after spanned by an arched gate. At the southeast of the excavated street are the remains of an arcade of retailers and a Byzantine Basillica. An agora was crafted on top rated of the stores in the Roman/Byzantine time period.

Location
Xanthos is not considerably from Patara and a vacation to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could effortlessly be merged with a excursion to the beach and/or ruins there. It is located around the village of Kınık on a hillside in a wonderful organic site overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation a single receives a supreme view of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the spectacular Taurus Mountains. It is effortless to locate by automobile, just off the key highway and nicely-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is quite gorgeous, specially in spring.

whc.unesco.org/en/record/484
Exceptional Common Value
Short synthesis
Manufactured up of two neighboring settlements found in the southwestern part of Anatolia, respectively inside the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a impressive archaeological complicated. It signifies the most one of a kind extant architectural illustration of the historic Lycian Civilization, which was one of the most vital cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two websites strikingly illustrate the continuity and distinctive mix of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most vital texts in Lycian language had been located. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on enormous stone pillars on the site are vital for a improved comprehension of the historical past of the Lycian people today and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the cash of ancient Lycia, illustrates the blending of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic influence, primarily in its funerary artwork. The rock-cut tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are exclusive illustrations of historical funerary architecture. Their worth was already acknowledged in Antiquity and they influenced the art of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for occasion directly motivated by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The fact that some architectural and sculptural pieces of the web sites were being taken to England in the 19th century, including the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their phrase-extensive recognition, and consequently the Xanthos marbles became an critical aspect of the record of ancient art and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the to start with monumental zone incorporates the aged Lycian Acropolis, which was remodeled throughout the Hellenistic and Byzantine intervals. At that time, a church was designed at the northeast corner, whilst an superior defensive framework fortified the western facet of the citadel along the river. Right north of the Acropolis stands a pretty beautiful theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This spot also capabilities wonderful Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are characteristic of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and increase up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a second, more intricate archaeological zone that extends in between the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The lessen aspect of the town, which involves the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was situated in this section of the internet site.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult centre of Xanthos, the ancient federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Towns. As quite a few inscriptions found at the web site show, the federal sanctuary was the position where all spiritual and political selections of the ruling powers have been declared to the general public. The popular trilingual inscription, courting back to 337 B.C., characteristics a text inLycian and Greek as effectively as an Aramaic summary and was learned in the vicinity of the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, a few temples are devoted to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the web page consists of the ruins of a nymphaeum relationship again to Hadrian, built on a drinking water resource that was regarded sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon straight affected the architecture of the principal historic towns of Lycia these as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as nicely as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was rated as one of the Seven Wonders of the Historical Planet, is right motivated by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears outstanding testimony to the Lycian civilization, each via the many inscriptions identified at the two web pages and by the outstanding funerary monuments preserved within just the residence. The longest and most significant texts in the Lycian language have been found in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which had been carved in rock or on massive monoliths, are regarded exceptional proof of this exclusive and lengthy-neglected Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi characterize a novel form of funerary architecture. The prosperous collection of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon permit us to fully understand the successive acculturation phenomena that took spot in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed property includes all the needed attributes, generally initial monuments and archaeological continues to be, which convey its Superb Universal Worth. All parts continue to be mostly intact and are not impacted by the damaging results of tourism or present day settlements.
Nowadays, the only issue threatening the integrity of the property is the paved street that has crossed the antique metropolis for numerous decades. Within just the framework of the revised Conservation Legislation set into pressure in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage decided to shut this street in 2010. In addition, wire fence was applied to encompass the area. However, as these actions could not be executed effectively, additional motion is needed to ensure that the integrity of the property is no for a longer time impacted. These include the rerouting of the street according to tips manufactured in the Conservation Strategy.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its capabilities, mainly due to the property’s length from any modern-day settlement.
The monuments exposed all through archaeological excavations have gone by way of crucial restoration and conservations functions, which have not impacted their authenticity in phrases of style and design and structure. The most vital job was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its original location concerning 2000 and 2007. The architectural pieces that belonged to the temple of Leto, which ended up located through excavations carried out considering the fact that 1950s, enabled the productive completion of this task. Some critical restoration, conservation and consolidation operates have been also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Security and administration specifications
The Antique Town of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st degree archaeological web-site and is issue to Countrywide Conservation Legislation. The inscribed house is also within the boundaries of “Environment Protection Zone”, below the responsibility of the Ministry of Atmosphere and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Unique Environmental Security Company accepted the conservation program for Xantos in 2001 and the related Regional Conservation Council authorized the Conservation Plan for Letoon in 2006. The two preparing equipment have been executed and involve systematic monitoring and evaluate to be certain their performance for the administration of the residence.
The monuments and archaeological stays in the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal mounting of the ground drinking water desk. Mitigation efforts have been created in 2006 with the construction of drinking water channels to lessen the amount of water all through excavation functions. A further difficulty for Letoon is the visible air pollution designed by quite a few greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the website. As for Xanthos, the presence of the paved street slicing via the web-site requires further steps to be absolutely tackled.
The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has started performs for the planning of a Landscaping Task for Xanthos and Letoon that will tackle the difficulties of the home, which include environmental regulate and the preservation of the monuments. Within the framework of this task, the web-site of Letoon will be geared up with recreation and promenade areas. This venture will also address questions of visitor management, acquire consciousness-elevating guidelines, and goal to actively entail the two the community communities and the visitors.

www.britannica.com/position/Xanthus

Heritage
The record of Xanthos is rather a violent – the Xanthosians two times demonstrated the intense independence of the Lycian persons when they selected to dedicate mass suicide somewhat than submit to invading forces. The Xanthosian adult males established hearth to their ladies, children, slaves and treasure on the acropolis ahead of generating their remaining doomed attack upon the invading Persians. Xanthos was later repopulated but the exact grotesque tale recurring alone in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the city throughout the Roman civil wars in get to recruit troops and raise funds. Brutus was stunned by the Lycians’ suicide and available his troopers a reward for every single Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens have been rescued.
We built our properties graves
And our graves are properties to us
Our houses burned down
And our graves were being looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We ended up drenched in water
They arrived and received us
They burned and destroyed us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our moms,
Our women of all ages,
And for the sake of our dead,
And we,
In the name of our honor,
And our liberty,
We, the folks of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We still left a fire behind us,
Under no circumstances to die out…
Poem located on a tablet in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat

Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:56

Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , ancient , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historic , Background , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”

#furnishings #Do it yourself #woodwork #woodworking #freedownload#woodworkingprojects #woodsmith ,wooden craft, wood planer, wonderful woodworking, wood chairs, wood functioning equipment, well known woodworking, woodworking publications, woodworking workbench designs