Site
Xanthos is not considerably from Patara and a journey to Letoon or Xanthos from Kalkan, Kaş or Fethiye could quickly be blended with a journey to the seashore and/or ruins there. It is located in the vicinity of the village of Kınık on a hillside in a beautiful normal web page overlooking the Eşen river. From this elevation one particular receives a supreme see of the Xanthos Valley surrounded by the stunning Taurus Mountains. It is effortless to come across by motor vehicle, just off the principal highway and perfectly-marked. Xanthos’ landscape is very stunning, specifically in spring.
whc.unesco.org/en/record/484
Remarkable Common Benefit
Temporary synthesis
Produced up of two neighboring settlements positioned in the southwestern section of Anatolia, respectively in just the boundaries of Antalya and Muğla Provinces, Xanthos-Letoon is a exceptional archaeological complicated. It represents the most exclusive extant architectural illustration of the ancient Lycian Civilization, which was a person of the most important cultures of the Iron Age in Anatolia. The two web pages strikingly illustrate the continuity and distinctive blend of the Anatolian, Greek, Roman, and Byzantine civilizations. It is also in Xanthos-Letoon that the most crucial texts in Lycian language have been identified. The inscriptions engraved in rock or on big stone pillars on the web site are important for a much better being familiar with of the record of the Lycian persons and their Indo-European language.
Xanthos, which was the capital of historical Lycia, illustrates the mixing of Lycian traditions with the Hellenic affect, in particular in its funerary art. The rock-cut tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi in Xanthos are one of a kind illustrations of historic funerary architecture. Their price was already recognized in Antiquity and they affected the art of neighboring provinces: the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus is for instance instantly affected by the Xanthos Nereid Monument. The point that some architectural and sculptural parts of the sites have been taken to England in the 19th century, like the Monument of Harpy, the Tomb of Payava and the Nereid Monument, led to their phrase-large recognition, and for that reason the Xanthos marbles became an important section of the heritage of historic art and architecture.
East of the Xanthos River (Eşen Çayı), the initially monumental zone includes the old Lycian Acropolis, which was transformed through the Hellenistic and Byzantine durations. At that time, a church was developed at the northeast corner, even though an state-of-the-art defensive construction fortified the western side of the citadel along the river. Straight north of the Acropolis stands a really lovely theatre that dominates the Roman agora. This region also capabilities terrific Lycian funerary monuments imitating woodwork, which are attribute of the archaeological landscape of Xanthos and rise up spectacularly from the ruins. There is a next, a lot more advanced archaeological zone that extends involving the Vespasian Arch to the south and the Hellenistic Acropolis to the north. The decrease aspect of the city, which features the Hellenistic Agora and Byzantine church buildings, was situated in this element of the website.
Letoon, on the other hand, was the cult centre of Xanthos, the ancient federal sanctuary of the Lycian province and Lycian League of Towns. As quite a few inscriptions identified at the website exhibit, the federal sanctuary was the area where by all spiritual and political selections of the ruling powers have been declared to the public. The well known trilingual inscription, courting back again to 337 B.C., characteristics a text inLycian and Greek as very well as an Aramaic summary and was found close to the temple of Apollo. In the sanctuary of Letoon, 3 temples are committed to Leto, Artemis and Apollo. In addition, the web site contains the ruins of a nymphaeum dating back again to Hadrian, created on a water resource that was regarded as sacred.
Criterion (ii): Xanthos-Letoon immediately motivated the architecture of the principal ancient metropolitan areas of Lycia these types of as Patara, Pınara, and Myra, as well as the neighboring provinces. The Halicarnassus Mausoleum, which was ranked as one particular of the 7 Miracles of the Historic Earth, is instantly motivated by Xanthos’ Nereid Monument.
Criterion (iii): Xanthos-Letoon bears excellent testimony to the Lycian civilization, the two as a result of the lots of inscriptions found at the two web pages and as a result of the remarkable funerary monuments preserved in just the home. The longest and most critical texts in the Lycian language ended up observed in Xanthos-Letoon. The inscriptions, most of which have been carved in rock or on massive monoliths, are viewed as excellent evidence of this exceptional and extended-forgotten Indo-European language. The rock art tombs, pillar tombs and pillar-mounted sarcophagi represent a novel variety of funerary architecture. The rich series of Lycian tombs in Xanthos and Letoon help us to thoroughly have an understanding of the successive acculturation phenomena that took place in Lycia from the 6th century onwards.
Integrity
The inscribed assets involves all the necessary characteristics, primarily initial monuments and archaeological remains, which convey its Outstanding Common Price. All factors remain mostly intact and are not afflicted by the damaging effects of tourism or fashionable settlements.
Now, the only factor threatening the integrity of the property is the paved highway that has crossed the antique town for many decades. Within just the framework of the revised Conservation Laws put into drive in 2004, the Regional Council for Conservation of Cultural Heritage resolved to near this street in 2010. In addition, wire fence was made use of to surround the spot. Nevertheless, as these steps could not be carried out proficiently, further more motion is important to assure that the integrity of the property is no for a longer time impacted. These consist of the rerouting of the street according to tips designed in the Conservation Strategy.
Authenticity
Xanthos-Letoon has retained the authenticity of its options, mostly due to the property’s length from any modern-day settlement.
The monuments discovered all through archaeological excavations have absent via important restoration and conservations works, which have not impacted their authenticity in terms of style and design and structure. The most important undertaking was the reconstruction of the temple of Leto in its initial environment among 2000 and 2007. The architectural items that belonged to the temple of Leto, which ended up located in the course of excavations carried out since 1950s, enabled the prosperous completion of this project. Some significant restoration, conservation and consolidation performs ended up also carried out on the Early Christian Church and monumental nymphaeum.
Safety and management requirements
The Antique City of Xanthos and Letoon was registered as a 1st diploma archaeological web-site and is topic to Nationwide Conservation Legislation. The inscribed residence is also in the boundaries of “Environment Defense Zone”, under the obligation of the Ministry of Surroundings and Urbanization. The Regional Conservation Council and Special Environmental Safety Agency accepted the conservation plan for Xantos in 2001 and the linked Regional Conservation Council permitted the Conservation Program for Letoon in 2006. Both equally arranging tools have been executed and demand systematic monitoring and evaluation to ensure their performance for the administration of the home.
The monuments and archaeological stays within the sanctuary of Letoon are threatened by seasonal soaring of the ground drinking water desk. Mitigation initiatives were being created in 2006 with the construction of h2o channels to lessen the level of h2o for the duration of excavation will work. Another difficulty for Letoon is the visible pollution made by several greenhouses in the fertile alluvial lands of the web-site. As for Xanthos, the existence of the paved street chopping through the site calls for further actions to be fully addressed.
The Ministry of Society and Tourism has began performs for the preparation of a Landscaping Venture for Xanthos and Letoon that will handle the troubles of the residence, which includes environmental handle and the preservation of the monuments. Within just the framework of this project, the web site of Letoon will be outfitted with recreation and promenade spots. This project will also address thoughts of visitor management, produce consciousness-boosting procedures, and intention to actively involve both of those the community communities and the website visitors.
www.britannica.com/area/Xanthus
Record
The heritage of Xanthos is rather a violent – the Xanthosians 2 times shown the fierce independence of the Lycian folks when they chose to commit mass suicide rather than submit to invading forces. The Xanthosian males set fireplace to their women, young children, slaves and treasure upon the acropolis right before building their closing doomed attack upon the invading Persians. Xanthos was later on repopulated but the exact same ugly tale repeated itself in 42 BC when Brutus attacked the city all through the Roman civil wars in purchase to recruit troops and raise money. Brutus was stunned by the Lycians’ suicide and provided his troopers a reward for every single Xanthosian saved. Only 150 citizens ended up rescued.
We created our houses graves
And our graves are households to us
Our homes burned down
And our graves have been looted
We climbed to the summits
We went deep into the earth
We ended up drenched in water
They came and acquired us
They burned and wrecked us
They plundered us
And we,
For the sake of our mothers,
Our females,
And for the sake of our lifeless,
And we,
In the name of our honor,
And our freedom,
We, the people of this land,
Who sought mass suicide
We left a hearth at the rear of us,
Hardly ever to die out…
Poem identified on a tablet in the Xanthos excavations, translated by Azra Erhat
Posted by Feridun F. Alkaya on 2017-06-26 18:15:59
Tagged: , Xanthos , xanthus , Ksantos , Lycia , Lycian , letoon , UNESCO , unescotentativelist , ”unscotentativelst” , UNC , Un , historical , Roman , Byzantine , ”Worldheritagelist” , Turkey , ”Turkeyancientcity” , ”NGC” , historical , Background , Historic , Hellenic , heritage , ”pillartombs” , ”Eşenriver” , ”eşennehri”
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