Widespread Kingfisher (A. a. bengalensis)
The widespread kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) also known as the Eurasian kingfisher, and river kingfisher, is a small kingfisher with 7 subspecies acknowledged inside its broad distribution throughout Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident in a great deal of its range, but migrates from spots exactly where rivers freeze in winter season.
This sparrow-sized chicken has the regular small-tailed, significant-headed kingfisher profile it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a very long bill. It feeds largely on fish, caught by diving, and has specific visible adaptations to help it to see prey less than h2o. The shiny white eggs are laid in a nest at the finish of a burrow in a riverbank.
This species has the regular limited-tailed, dumpy-bodied large-headed and extended-billed kingfisher form. The adult male of the western European subspecies, A. a. ispida has inexperienced-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back again and rump, a rufous patch by the bill foundation, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a eco-friendly-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black invoice with some pink at the base. The legs and ft are brilliant pink. It is about 16 centimetres (6.3 in) prolonged with a wingspan of 25 cm (9.8 in), and weighs 34–46 grams (1.2–1.6 oz).
The woman is identical in overall look to the male apart from that her decreased mandible is orange-pink with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts. Its monthly bill is black, and the legs are also at first black. Feathers are moulted step by step among July and November with the most important flight feathers getting 90–100 times to moult and regrow. Some that moult late may suspend their moult in the course of chilly winter climate.
The flight of the kingfisher is fast, direct and typically very low more than water. The short rounded wings whirr rapidly, and a chicken flying absent exhibits an electric powered-blue “flash” down its back again.
In North Africa, Europe and Asia north of the Himalayas this is the only small blue kingfisher. In south and southeast Asia it can be baffled with six other small blue-and-rufous kingfishers, but the rufous ear patches distinguish it from all but juvenile blue-eared kingfisher information of the head pattern may possibly be essential to differentiate the two species where equally manifest.
The popular kingfisher has no song. The flight connect with is a quick sharp whistle, chee, recurring two or 3 times. Nervous birds emit a severe, shrit-it-it and nestlings connect with for food stuff with a churring noise.
There are seven subspecies differing in the hue of the upperparts and the depth of the rufous colour of the underparts dimension varies throughout the subspecies by up to 10%. The races resident south of the Wallace Line have the bluest upperparts and partly blue ear-patches.
A. a. ispida Linnaeus, 1758. Breeds from Ireland, Spain and southern Norway to Romania and western Russia and winters south to Iraq and southern Portugal.
A. a. atthis (Linnaeus, 1758). Breeds from northwestern Africa and southern Italy east to Afghanistan, Kashmir area, northern Xinjiang, and Siberia it is a wintertime visitor south to Israel, northeastern Sudan, Yemen, Oman and Pakistan. Compared to A. a. ispida, it has a greener crown, paler underparts and is a bit bigger.
A. a. bengalensis Gmelin, 1788. Breeds in southern and eastern Asia from India to Indonesia, China, Korea, Japan and japanese Mongolia winters south to Indonesia and the Philippines. It is smaller and brighter than the European races.
A. a. taprobana Kleinschmidt, 1894. Resident breeder in Sri Lanka and southern India. Its upperparts are dazzling blue, not green-blue it is the identical dimension as A. a. bengalensis.
A. a. floresiana Sharpe, 1892. Resident breeder from Bali to Timor. Like A. a. taprobana, but the blues are darker and the ear-patch is rufous with a few blue feathers.
A. a. hispidoides Lesson 1837. Resident breeder from Sulawesi to New Guinea and the islands of the western Pacific Ocean. Plumage colours are further than in A. a. floresiana, the blue on the hind neck and rump is purple-tinged and the ear-patch is blue.
A. a. solomonensis Rothschild and Hartert 1905. Resident breeder in the Solomon Islands east to San Cristobal. The major southeast Asian subspecies, it has a blue ear-patch and is additional purple-tinged than A. a. hispidoides, with which it interbreeds.
The prevalent kingfisher is greatly distributed above Europe, Asia, and North Africa, generally south of 60°N. It is a frequent breeding species above much of its extensive Eurasian vary, but in North Africa it is generally a wintertime customer, while it is a scarce breeding resident in coastal Morocco and Tunisia. In temperate regions, this kingfisher inhabits crystal clear, gradual-flowing streams and rivers, and lakes with effectively-vegetated banks. It frequents scrubs and bushes with overhanging branches shut to shallow open h2o in which it hunts. In wintertime it is much more coastal, normally feeding in estuaries or harbours and together rocky seashores. Tropical populations are discovered by gradual-flowing rivers, in mangrove creeks and in swamps.
Popular kingfishers are vital associates of ecosystems and fantastic indicators of freshwater neighborhood well being. The maximum densities of breeding birds are found in habitats with obvious h2o, which permits optimal prey visibility, and trees or shrubs on the banks. These habitats have also the greatest good quality of water, so the presence of this chook confirms the regular of the drinking water. Steps to enhance drinking water move can disrupt this habitat, and in certain, the replacement of purely natural banking companies by synthetic confinement drastically lessens the populations of fish, amphibians and aquatic reptiles, and waterside birds are shed. It can tolerate a selected degree of urbanisation, supplied the h2o stays thoroughly clean.
This species is resident in locations where the local weather is mild 12 months-spherical, but should migrate immediately after breeding from locations with prolonged freezing problems in winter. Most birds wintertime inside of the southern components of the breeding selection, but smaller numbers cross the Mediterranean into Africa or journey in excess of the mountains of Malaysia into Southeast Asia. Kingfishers migrate generally at night, and some Siberian breeders should journey at the very least 3,000 km (1,900 mi) between the breeding web sites and the wintering spots.
This species has a massive selection, with an estimated world extent of prevalence of 10 million square kilometres (3.8 million sq. miles). It has a huge inhabitants, such as an believed 160,000–320,000 individuals in Europe by itself. Global populace trends have not been quantified, but populations seem to be steady so the species is not thought to method the thresholds for the populace drop criterion of the IUCN Red Listing (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten yrs or 3 generations). For these good reasons, the species is evaluated as “the very least problem”.
Posted by siddharthx on 2018-02-10 11:26:59
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